Assessment Of Oral Mucosal Epithelium In Type 2 Diabetic Patients Using Exfoliative Cytology: A Preliminary Study
Main Article Content
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has emerged as a worldwide health concern. By vigilantly tracking the well-being of individuals affected by diabetes, it becomes possible to thwart diabetic complications. Our objective was to scrutinize changes in the structure and cellular characteristics of buccal epithelial cells in type 2 DM patients through the utilization of oral exfoliative cytology techniques. This endeavor seeks to establish the significance of such analysis in the context of public health screening, as well as the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes mellitus. A total of 72 type 2 diabetic individuals and 46 control individuals underwent oral smears collection from two distinct oral locations: the buccal mucosa and tongue dorsum. These oral smears were subsequently stained with Papanicolaou solution. A comprehensive assessment of both quantitative and qualitative alterations was conducted on each slide. Specifically, 50 well-defined cells per slide were meticulously examined under a microscope, and photographs were subjected to morphometric analysis. Diabetic group exhibited significantly greater cytoplasmic and nuclear areas compared to control. Conversely, the cytoplasmic/nuclear ratio was lower in the control group compared to the diabetic group. Moreover, at both smear sites, a higher proportion of cells displayed nuclear changes in the diabetic group. These findings suggest that diabetes mellitus can induce discernible modifications in the oral epithelium, which can be detected through the exfoliative cytology method employed in this study. Consequently, this method holds promise as a viable approach for assessing this disease as well as progression.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Alberti, S., Spadella, C. T., Francischone, T. R., Assis, G. F., Cestari, T. M., & Taveira, L. A. (2003). Exfoliative cytology of the oral mucosa in type II diabetic patients: morphology and cytomorphometry. Journal of oral pathology & medicine: official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 32(9), 538–543.
Banday, M. Z., Sameer, A. S., & Nissar, S. (2020). Pathophysiology of diabetes: An overview. Avicenna journal of medicine, 10(4), 174–188.
Jajarm, H. H., Mohtasham, N., Moshaverinia, M., & Rangiani, A. (2008). Evaluation of oral mucosa epithelium in type II diabetic patients by an exfoliative cytology method. Journal of oral science, 50(3), 335–340.
Karthik, K. R., Malathi, N., Poornima, K., Prakash, S., Kadhiresan, R., & Arunmozhi, U. (2015). Evaluation of Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus using Cytomorphometry of Buccal Cells and Correlation with Glycosylated Hemoglobin. Journal of international oral health : JIOH, 7(2), 20–24.
Lakhtakia R. (2013). The history of diabetes mellitus. Sultan Qaboos University medical journal, 13(3), 368–370.
Prasad, H., Ramesh, V., & Balamurali, P. (2010). Morphologic and cytomorphometric analysis of exfoliated buccal mucosal cells in diabetes patients. Journal of cytology, 27(4), 113–117.
Rohani B. (2019). Oral manifestations in patients with diabetes mellitus. World journal of diabetes, 10(9), 485–489.
Sankhla, B., Sharma, A., Shetty, R. S., Bolla, S. C., Gantha, N. S., & Reddy, P. (2014). Exfoliative cytology of buccal squames: A quantitative cytomorphometric analysis of patients with diabetes. Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry, 4(3), 182–187.
Shareef, B. T., Ang, K. T., & Naik, V. R. (2008). Qualitative and quantitative exfoliative cytology of normal oral mucosa in type 2 diabetic patients. Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal, 13(11), E693–E696.
Sun, H., Saeedi, P., Karuranga, S., Pinkepank, M., Ogurtsova, K., Duncan, B. B., Stein, C., Basit, A., Chan, J. C. N., Mbanya, J. C., Pavkov, M. E., Ramachandaran, A., Wild, S. H., James, S., Herman, W. H., Zhang, P., Bommer, C., Kuo, S., Boyko, E. J., & Magliano, D. J. (2022). IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 183, 109119.