A Systematic Review On Kodo
Main Article Content
Abstract
Millets are ancient grains known for their resilience in dry climates and poor soil conditions. They are nutrient-dense, low in gluten, and easy to digest. Kodo millet, a specific type of millet, is particularly high in calcium, iron, and phosphorus. Millets can contribute to food security and sovereignty, especially in vulnerable regions. Millets are mainly two types: naked grains (Major): Ragi, Jowar, and Bajra have husks that are easily removed and husked grains (Minor): Foxtail millet, small millets, and kodo millet require husk removal before consumption. Kodo millet is a drought-resistant crop well-suited for semi-arid regions. It is a good source of protein, fiber, minerals, and antioxidants. Kodo millet has potential health benefits in managing diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. It is affordable, readily available, and can be incorporated into various dishes. Kodo millet contains bioactive compounds like phenolics and phytochemicals with antioxidative and therapeutic properties. These compounds may contribute to disease prevention and overall health. Kodo millet is a valuable food grain with significant nutritional and health benefits. Its resilience and affordability make it a promising crop for food security and sustainable agriculture. The review also discusses other types of millets, their nutritional profiles, and uses. It highlights the importance of promoting millet consumption for both individual and societal well-being.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Admassu, S., Teamir, M., & Alemu, D. (2009). Chemical composition of local and improved finger Millet [Eleusine Corocana (L.) Gaetrtin] varieties grown in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 19(1).
Almaski, A., Shelly, C. O. E., Lightowler, H., & Thondre, S. (2019). Millet intake and risk factors of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. J Food Nutr Disor 8, 3, 2.
Amadou, I., Gounga, M. E., & Le, G. W. (2013). Millets: Nutritional composition, some health benefits and processing-A review. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 501-508.
Anitha, S., Botha, R., Kane-Potaka, J., Givens, D. I., Rajendran, A., Tsusaka, T. W., & Bhandari, R. K. (2021). Can Millet Consumption Help Manage Hyperlipidemia and Obesity?: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in nutrition, 8, 700778. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.700778.
Behera, M. K. (2017). Assessment of the state of millets farming in India. MOJ Eco Environ Sci, 2(1), 16-20.
bhambulkar, A. V., & Patil, R., N., (2020). A New Dynamic Mathematical Modeling Approach of Zero Waste Management System. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), 11(3), 1732-1740.
Bhat, S., Nandini, C., & Tippeswamy, V. (2018). Significance of small millets in nutrition and health-A review. Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research, 37(1), 35-40.
Bijalwan, V., Ali, U., Kesarwani, A. K., Yadav, K., & Mazumder, K. (2016). Hydroxycinnamic acid bound arabinoxylans from millet brans-structural features and antioxidant activity. International journal of biological macromolecules, 88, 296–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.03.069
Bisht, A. T., & Srivastava, S. (2013). Efficacy of millets in the development of low glycemic index sweets for diabetics. Malays J Nutr, 19(2), 215-222.
Bunkar, D. S., Goyal, S. K., Meena, K. K., & Kamalvanshi, V. (2021). Nutritional, functional role of kodo millet and its processing: a review. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 10(01), 1972-1985.
Ceasar, S. A., & Ignacimuthu, S. (2010). Effects of cytokinins, carbohydrates and amino acids on induction and maturation of somatic embryos in kodo millet (Paspalum scorbiculatum Linn.). Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), 102, 153-162.
Chandrakar, L., & Shahi, S. (2023). Millets and their Nutritional Value: A Review. Journal of Advanced Zoology, 44(S3), 1690-1697.
Chandrasekara, A., & Shahidi, F. (2010). Content of insoluble bound phenolics in millets and their contribution to antioxidant capacity. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 58(11), 6706–6714. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf100868b
Chandrasekara, A., & Shahidi, F. (2011). Bioactivities and antiradical properties of millet grains and hulls. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(17), 9563-9571.
Chauhan, M., Sonawane, S. K., & Arya, S. S. (2018). Nutritional and nutraceutical properties of millets: a review. Clinical Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 1(1), 1-10.
Choudhari, M. K., Tiwari, R. K., Mishra, R. M., & Namdeo, K. N. (2018). Integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and economics of kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.). Ann Plant Soil Res, 20(4), 405-408.
Desai, H., Hamid, R., Ghorbanzadeh, Z., Bhut, N., Padhiyar, S. M., Kheni, J., & Tomar, R. S. (2021). Genic microsatellite marker characterization and development in little millet (Panicum sumatrense) using transcriptome sequencing. Scientific reports, 11(1), 20620.
Dey, S., Saxena, A., Kumar, Y., Maity, T., & Tarafdar, A. (2022). Understanding the antinutritional factors and bioactive compounds of kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum) and little millet (Panicum sumatrense). Journal of Food Quality, 2022, 1-19.
Dida, M. M., & Devos, K. M. (2006). Finger millet. In Cereals and millets (pp. 333-343). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
González-Rabanal, B., Marín-Arroyo, A. B., Cristiani, E., Zupancich, A., & González-Morales, M. R. (2022). The arrival of millets to the Atlantic coast of northern Iberia. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 18589.
Goswami, D., Gupta, R. K., Mridula, D., Sharma, M., & Tyagi, S. K. (2015). Barnyard millet based muffins: Physical, textural and sensory properties. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 64(1), 374-380.
Hassan, Z. M., Sebola, N. A., & Mabelebele, M. (2021). The nutritional use of millet grain for food and feed: a review. Agriculture & food security, 10, 1-14.
Jawahar,S., Y.B. Chanu, K.Suseendran , S.R.Vinodkumar and C. Kalaiyarasan. (2019) Effect Of Weed Management Practices On Growth, Yield And Economics Of Transplanted Kodo Millet. International Journal of Research and Analytical,6(1).
Juzeniene, A., Grigalavicius, M., Ma, L. W., & Juraleviciute, M. (2016). Folic acid and its photoproducts, 6-formylpterin and pterin-6-carboxylic acid, as generators of reactive oxygen species in skin cells during UVA exposure. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 155, 116-121.
Khare, P., Maurya, R., Bhatia, R., Mangal, P., Singh, J., Podili, K., ... & Kondepudi, K. K. (2020). Polyphenol rich extracts of finger millet and kodo millet ameliorate high fat diet-induced metabolic alterations. Food & function, 11(11), 9833-9847.https://doi.org/10.1039/d0fo01643h.
Martin, L., Messager, E., Bedianashvili, G., Rusishvili, N., Lebedeva, E., Longford, C., ... & Herrscher, E. (2021). The place of millet in food globalization during Late Prehistory as evidenced by new bioarchaeological data from the Caucasus. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 13124.
Meghana, G. K., Sukanya, T. S., Salmankhan, R. M., & Kiran, H. P. (2020). Performance of different weedicides on yield and economics of Kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.). IJCS, 8(5), 891-893.
Meti, R. (2019). Role of multi-millet mix in reducing blood glucose levels in type II diabetic patients. Int J Multidiscip Edu Res, 4(1), 27-29.
Michaelraj, P. S. J., & Shanmugam, A. (2013). A study on millets based cultivation and consumption in India. International Journal of Marketing, Financial Services & Management Research, 2(4), 49-58.
Mitkal, K. T., Kotecha, P. M., Godase, S. N., & UD, C. (2021). Studies on nutritional quality of Kodo millet cookies. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 9(1), 1669-1674.
Muragod, P. P., Muruli, N. V., Padeppagol, S., & Kattimani, A. (2019). Physico-chemical properties and nutritional factors of kodo millet. Int J Pure App Biosci, 7(1), 117-123. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.7297
Nagre, K., Singh, N., Ghoshal, C., Tandon, G., Iquebal, M. A., Nain, T., Bana, R. S., & Meena, A. (2023). Probing the potential of bioactive compounds of millets as an inhibitor for lifestyle diseases: molecular docking and simulation-based approach. Frontiers in nutrition, 10, 1228172. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1228172
Nani, M., & Krishnaswamy, K. (2023). A natural whitening alternative from upcycled food waste (acid whey) and underutilized grains (millet). Scientific Reports, 13(1), 6482.
Neelam, Y., Kanchan, C., Alka, S., & Alka, G. (2013). Evaluation of hypoglycemic properties of kodo millet based food products in healthy subjects. IOSR J. Pharm, 3, 14-20.
Nirubana, V., Ravikesavan, R., & Ganesamurthy, K. (2019). Characterization and clustering of kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.) genotypes based on qualitative characters. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 10(1), 101-110.
Ofosu FK, Elahi F, Daliri EB, Chelliah R, Ham HJ, Kim JH, Han SI, Hur JH, Oh DH. (2020) Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant, and Antidiabetic Potential Exerted by Millet Grain Varieties. Antioxidants (Basel). 20;9(3):254. doi: 10.3390/antiox9030254.
Patil, R. N., & Bhambulkar, A. V. (2020). A Modern Aspect on Defluoridation of Water: Adsorption. Design Engineering, 1169-1186.
Pradeep, S. R., & Guha, M. (2011). Effect of processing methods on the nutraceutical and antioxidant properties of little millet (Panicum sumatrense) extracts. Food chemistry, 126(4), 1643-1647.
Pragya, S., & Rita, S. R. (2012). Finger millet for food and nutritional security. African Journal of Food Science, 6(4), 77-84.
Prasad, P. V., & Staggenborg, S. A. (2009). Growth and production of sorghum and millets. Soils, plant growth and crop production, 2.
Prathyusha, N., Lakshmi, V. V., & Manasa, T. (2021). Review on consumer awareness and health benefits about millets. The Pharma innovation journal, 10(6), 777-785.
Praveen, K. V., & K, N. B. (2013). Economics analysis of minor millets in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(39), 4928-4931.
Priya, Verma, R. K., Lakhawat, S., Yadav, V. K., Gacem, A., Abbas, M., ... & Mishra, S. (2023). Millets: sustainable treasure house of bioactive components. International Journal of Food Properties, 26(1), 1822-1840.
Pujari, N., & Hoskeri, J. H. (2022). Minor millet phytochemicals and their pharmacological potentials. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 16(32), 101.
Ranjan, R., Singh, S., Dhua, S., Mishra, P., Chauhan, A. K., & Gupta, A. K. Kodo Millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum): Bioactive Profile, Health Benefits and Techno-Functionality. In Nutri-Cereals (pp. 193-211). CRC Press.
Sabuz, A. A., Rana, M. R., Ahmed, T., Molla, M. M., Islam, N., Khan, H. H., ... & Shen, Q. (2023). Health-Promoting Potential of Millet: A Review. Separations, 10(2), 80.
Sadhukhan, A., & Debangshi, U. (2023). Millets in Meeting the Nutrition Security: A Review. Just Agriculture e-magazine, 3(5), 35-40.
Sahoo, S., & Shahi, S. (2021). Bioactive Carbohydrates: Review, 2021. Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils, 8(6).
Sanyogita Shahi, Shirish Kumar Singh - Removal of Environmental Pollution by Enhancing growth of Trichoderma using Oligosaccharides Extracted from Gaddi Sheep’s Milk, Patent No. 2021101308, Date of Publication: 21/04/2021, Granted. [International-Australia].
Sanyogita Shahi, Shirish Kumar Singh - The Biological Importance of Gaddi Sheep’s Milk Oligosaccharide, Patent No. 2021104729, Date of Publication: 29/07/2021, Granted. [International-Australia].
Sanyogita Shahi, Shirish Kumar Singh, Mohammad Chand Jamali, (2022) Concepts of Nanotechnology in the examination of cells at the molecular level, International Journal of Life Sciences Biotechnology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 1, Issue 1, ISSN No. 2945-3143.
Senevirathne, I. G. N. H., Abeysekera, W. K. S. M., Abeysekera, W. P. K. M., Jayanath, N. Y., Galbada Arachchige, S. P., & Wijewardana, D. C. M. S. I. (2021). Antiamylase, antiglucosidase, and antiglycation properties of millets and sorghum from Sri Lanka. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2021.
Shah, S. (2022). Bioactive Component of Milk Oligosaccharides: A Review (2022). NeuroQuantology, 20(8), 5175.
Shahi, S. (2019). “Avosose” Isolation and Structure Elucidation of Novel octasaccharide from Gaddi Sheep’s Milk. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 27, 210 - 221. Retrieved from http://sersc.org/journals/index.php/IJAST/article/view/134
Shahi, S., & Singh, S. K. (2019). Biological importance of milk oligosaccharides isolated from Gaddi sheep's milk. EurAsian Journal of BioSciences, 13(2), 1245-1249.
Shahi, S., & Singh, S. K. (2022). Medicinal Plants in Chhattisgarh State. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, 647-653.
Shahi, S., Singh, H. K., Shukla, C. S., Deepak, D., & Singh, S. K. (2020). The Biological Utilization of Gaddi Sheep’s Milk Oligosachharides. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(15), 2061-2068.
Shahi, S., Singh, H. K., Shukla, C. S., Deepak, D., & Singh, S. K. (2020). The Biological Utilization of Gaddi Sheep’s Milk Oligosachharides. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(15), 2061-2068.
Shyam, R., & Singh, R. P. (2018). Studies on physical and biochemical characteristics of kodo millet germplasm, Plant Archives, 18(1), 144-146 (2018).
Sujatha, K., Anand, R., Ragupathi, K., & Ahamed, A. S. (2017). Effect of organic Foliar Nutrition on Growth and Yield Attributes of Kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.). American Int. J Res. Formal App. Nat Sci, 16(1), 23-7.
Sunil, C. K., Rawson, A., & Anandharamakrishnan, C. (2022). Millets: An Overview. Handbook of Millets-Processing, Quality, and Nutrition Status, 1-21.
Thakur, A. K., Kumar, P., & Netam, P. S. (2019). Effect of different nitrogen levels and plant geometry, in relation to growth characters and yield of browntop millet [Brachiaria ramosa (L.)] at Bastar Plateau Zone of Chhattisgarh. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 8(2), 2789-2794.
Tsuzuki, W., Komba, S., Kotake-Nara, E., Aoyagi, M., Mogushi, H., Kawahara, S., & Horigane, A. (2018). The unique compositions of steryl ferulates in foxtail millet, barnyard millet and naked barley. Journal of Cereal Science, 81, 153-160.
Vedamanickam, R., Anandan, P., Bupesh, G., & Vasanth, S. (2020). Study of millet and non-millet diet on diabetics and associated metabolic syndrome. Biomedicine, 40(1), 55-58.
Wang, H., Fu, Y., Zhao, Q., Hou, D., Yang, X., Bai, S., ... & Shen, Q. (2022). Effect of Different Processing Methods on the Millet Polyphenols and Their Anti-diabetic Potential. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 780499.
Wang, X., Fuller, B. T., Zhang, P., Hu, S., Hu, Y., & Shang, X. (2018). Millet manuring as a driving force for the Late Neolithic agricultural expansion of north China. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 5552.
Yang, X., Wu, W., Perry, L., Ma, Z., Bar-Yosef, O., Cohen, D. J., ... & Ge, Q. (2018). Critical role of climate change in plant selection and millet domestication in North China. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 7855.
Yuan, Y., Xiang, J., Zheng, B., Sun, J., Luo, D., Li, P., & Fan, J. (2022). Diversity of phenolics including hydroxycinnamic acid amide derivatives, phenolic acids contribute to antioxidant properties of proso millet. Lwt, 154, 112611.