Anti Biofilm Activity and Time-Kill Study of Silver Nanoparticles of Strychnos nux vomica Root Ethyl Acetate extractagainst Clinically Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Mutants
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction and Aim: The development of biofilms is a crucial component of adherent pathogens and is regarded as one of the indirect mechanisms by which bacteria are resistant to different types of current antibiotics. The time kill studies are also important to evaluate the drug efficiency towards particular bacteria. The current investigation is carried out to determine the antibiofilm and time dependent death initiation ability of silver nano particles (AgNo’s) prepared using S. nux-vomica root ethyl acetate extract.
Materials and Methods: Crystal violet assay was used to determine the antibiofilm assay using 1 X MIC, 2 X MIC, and 4 X MIC concentrations of prepared AgNo’s. Ampicillin is used as reference drug. time kill study is also carried out using 1 X MIC, 2 X MIC, and 4 X MIC concentrations of prepared AgNo’s.
Results: Antibiofilm activity results of AgNP’s prepared using ethyl acetate extract of S. nux-vomica root revealed to exhibit concentration dependent biofilm inhibition of S. aureus mutant strains. As per the results, we noticed that the tested AgNP’s are more significant MMSA with inhibition percentage 44.7%, 85.1%, and 83.4% recorded at 1 X MIC, 2 X MIC, and 4 X MIC respectively. Based on the result, we noticed that AgNo’s was significantly killed MMSACFU at 1 × MIC after 5h of treatment time of interval with 31.9%. However, the death rate percentage of MMSA was steadily raised to 56.5% at 8h treatment time and dropped to 44.8% after 9h of treatment.
Conclusion: we conclude that, S. nux-vomica root ethyl acetate extract AgNo’s were very significant against MMSA and MRSA and slightly effective against VRSA.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Schilder, AG., Chonmaitree, T., Cripps, AW., Rosenfeld, RM., Casselbrant, ML., Haggard, MP., Venekamp, RP. Otitis media. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers. 2016; doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.63.
Monasta, L., Ronfani, L., Marchetti, F., Montico, M., Brumatti, LV., Bavcar, A., Grasso, D., Barbiero, C., Tamburlini, G. Burden of Disease Caused by Otitis Media: Systematic Review and Global Estimates. PLoS ONE. 2012; 7:e36226. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036226.
Rovers, MM., Schilder, AG., Zielhuis, AG., Rosenfeld, RM. Otitis media. Lancet. 2004; 363 (9407): 465–73. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15495-0.
Høiby N. A short history of microbial biofilms and biofilm infections. APMIS. 2017; 125 ( 4): 272–275. doi: 10.1111/apm.12686.
Costerton, JW., Stewart, PS., Greenberg, EP. Bacterial biofilms: A common cause of persistent infections. Science. 1999; 284 (5418): 1318–22. doi: 10.1126/science.284.5418.1318.
Stoodley, P., Hall-Stoodley, L. Evolving concepts in biofilm infections. Cell. Microbiol. 2009; 11 (7):1034–43. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01323.x.
Auinger, P., Lanphear, BP., Kalkwarf, HJ., Mansour, ME. Trends in otitis media among children in the United States. Pediatrics. 2003; 112 (3pt 1): 514–20. doi: 10.1542/peds.112.3.514.
Donlan, RM and Costerton, JW. Biofilms: Survival Mechanisms of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2002; 15 (2): 167–193. doi: 10.1128/CMR.15.2.167-193.2002.
DeAntonio, R., Yarzabal, JP., Cruz, JP., Schmidt, JE., Kleijnen, J. Epidemiology of otitis media in children from developing countries: A systematic review. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 2016; 85: 65–74. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.03.032.
CDC NNIS System: National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system report, data summary from January 1992–April 2001,issued August 2001. Am. J. Infect. Control. 29:400–421.
Diekema, DJ. Survey of infections due to Staphylococcus species: frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates collected in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Europe, and the Western Pacific region for the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997–1999. Clin. Infect. Dis.2001;32: S114–S132.
Song Y and B.S. Kim. (2009): Rapid biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant leaf extracts. Bioproc. Biosyst. Eng., 32 (1): 79–84.
Sandasi, M., Leonard, C., Viljoen, A. The effect of five common essential oil components on Listeria Monocytogenes biofilms. Food Microbiol. 2008; 19 (11): 1070-1075
Praveeenkumar, G., Kireety Sharma, A., Murali Krishna, T. Antibiotic effects of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Stychonsnux vomica ethyl acetate root column fraction against clinical resistant Staphylococcus strains, int. J. Adv. Res. 2022; 10(2): 1096-1099.
Djordjevic, D., Wiedmann, M., Mclandsborough, L. Microtiter plate assay for assessment of Listeria Monocytogenes biofilm formation. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002; 68 (6): 2950-2958.
Tsuji, BT., Yang, JC., Forrest, A., Kelchlin, PA., Smith, PF. In vitro pharmacodynamics of novel rifamycin ABI-0043 against Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008; 62 (1): 156-160.
Bhakdi, S., Tranum-Jensen, J., Alpha-toxin of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Rev. 1991; 55 (4): 733.
Easmon, CSF and Adlam C. Staphylococci and staphylococcal infections. Vols 1 and 2. Academic Press, London, 1983.
Foster, TJ. Potential for vaccination against infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Vaccine. 1991; 9: (4) 221.
Foster, TJ and McDevitt, D. Molecular basis of adherence of staphylococci to biomaterials. p. 31, In Bisno AL, Waldvogel FA (eds): Infections Associated with Indwelling Medical Devices, 2nd Edition. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 1994.
Lyon, BR and Skurray, R. Antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: genetic basis. Microbiol Reviews. 1987; 51 (1): 88.
Prevost, G., Couppie, P., Prevost, P. Gayet, S., Petiau, P., Cribier, B., Monteil, H., Piemont, Y. Epidemiological data on Staphylococcus aureus strains producing synergohymenotropic toxins. J Med Microbiol. 1995; 42(4):237-45.
Rupp, ME and Archer, GL. Coagulase-negative staphylococci: pathogens associated with medical progress. Clin Infect Dis. 1994; 19 (2): 231.