Statistical Analysis on Herbal Dye Extraction and Mordanting for Functional Cotton Textiles

Abstract

Herbal dyes offer a sustainable alternative to synthetic colorants, combining eco-
friendliness with functional benefits such as antimicrobial, ultraviolet (UV) protective,
and antioxidant properties. This study optimizes aqueous extraction and mordanting
conditions for Dalbergia sissoo (Shisham) leaves and Solanum nigrum (Makoy) berries to
enhance the performance of cotton fabrics. Extraction parameters temperature, pH,
duration, and plant-to-water ratio were systematically varied to maximize yield, while
alum mordanting (pre- and post-dyeing, at multiple concentrations) was evaluated for its
influence on color strength (K/S), fastness, and bioactivity. S. nigrum achieved a higher
yield (72%) than D. sissoo (65%) and demonstrated superior functional performance,
including an Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) of 135.8 (excellent protection) and 70%
radical scavenging activity. Antibacterial assays revealed significant inhibition of
Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with good retention after five laundering
cycles. Both dyes enhanced UV protection, antioxidant capacity, and exhibited
acceptable wash and rub fastness. These results confirm the potential of S. nigrum and D.
sissoo as viable natural dye sources for producing multifunctional, eco-friendly textiles,
with particular applicability in medical, protective, and health-sensitive apparel sectors.