Impact Of Pesticides On Physiological Activities Of Fish Catla Catla In River Ganga At Ghazipur District
Main Article Content
Abstract
The present study investigates the impact of three commonly used pesticides—lindane, fenitrothion, and carbofuran—on the physiological activities of the freshwater fish Catla catla collected from the River Ganga at Ghazipur District. Biochemical assessments revealed significant alterations in neurotransmitter levels, including nor-epinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) across cerebellum, medulla, and cortex after 96 hours of pesticide exposure. Lindane caused marked depletion of NE and DA in cerebellum and medulla, but increased levels in cortex, while fenitrothion and carbofuran induced distinct patterns, with carbofuran showing the most severe depletion of 5-HT, particularly in the medulla. ATPase activity in gill tissues showed dose-dependent inhibition, with carbofuran causing the greatest suppression of total, Mg²⁺, and Na⁺/K⁺ ATPases. Lactic acid and water content in tissues also exhibited pesticide-specific variations. Histopathological analysis revealed structural damages in gill, liver, kidney, and intestine, including lamellar fusion, hepatocyte degeneration, tubular necrosis, and mucosal erosion. The integrated biochemical, enzymatic, and histopathological data demonstrate that these pesticides disrupt central nervous regulation, impair osmoregulatory function, and cause significant tissue damage in Catla catla, indicating high ecological risk to aquatic fauna in pesticide-contaminated river ecosystems.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
1. Srivastava, P., Singh, A., & Pandey, A. K. (2016). Pesticides toxicity in fishes: Biochemical, physiological and genotoxic aspects. Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health, 16, 199–218.
2. Sabra, F., & Mehana, E.-S. (2015). Pesticides toxicity in fish with particular reference to insecticides. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 3, 40–60.
3. Anitha, S. C., Lalitha, V., Hari Babu, G., & Venkata Rathnamma, V. (2018). Toxicity evaluation and behavioural studies of Catla catla induced by fipronil 5% SC. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research. https://doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr
4. Kannan, M., Muthusamy, P., & Venkatachalam, U. (2014). Response of synthetic pyrethroid cypermethrin (10% EC) induced stress in biochemical and hematological parameters of Indian major carp Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822). Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, ISSN 2277–7105.
5. Hussain, M. I., Kumar, B., & Ahmad, M. (2016). Effect of organophosphate insecticide dimethoate on physiology of common carp Catla catla (Hamilton) and Labeo rohita. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 5(5), ISSN 2319-7706.
6. Akhtar, M., Mahboob, S., Sultana, S., Sultana, T., Alghanim, K. A., & Ahmed, Z. (2014). Assessment of pesticide residues in flesh of Catla catla from Ravi River, Pakistan. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, Article 708532. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/708532
7. Sharma, R., Jindal, R., & Faggio, C. (2021). Cassia fistula ameliorates chronic toxicity of cypermethrin in Catla catla. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 248, 109113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109113
8. Ullah, S., & Zorriehzahra, M. J. (2015). Ecotoxicology: A review of pesticides induced toxicity in fish.
9. Ghayyur, S., Khan, M. F., Tabassum, S., Ahmad, M. S., Sajid, M., Badshah, K., Khan, M. A., Saira, B., Ghayyur, S., Khan, N. A., Ahmad, B., & Qamer, S. (2021). A comparative study on the effects of selected pesticides on hemato-biochemistry and tissue histology of freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822).
10. Wang, J.-Q., Hussain, R., Ghaffar, A., Afzal, G., Saad, A. Q., Ahmad, N., Nazir, U., Ahmad, H. I., Hussain, T., & Khan, A. (2022). Clinicohematological, mutagenic, and oxidative stress induced by pendimethalin in freshwater fish bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis).
11. Tamizhazhagan, V., Pugazhendy, K., Sakthidasan, V., Jayanthi, C., Kim, K. H., Swawicka, B., Pandiyan, C. V., Kasinathan, M., Baranitharan, M., & Ramarajan, K. (2017). The toxicity effect of monocrotophos 36% E.C on the biochemical change in Catla catla (Hamilton, 1882). Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture, ISSN 2573-2250.
12. Sundara Rao, G., Prasad, P. R., & Sambasiva Rao, N. G. (2021). Effect of dichlorvos technical grade and 76% EC on oxygen consumption in the fish Catla catla (Hamilton). ISSN 2320-2882.
13. Rajesh, V., Leon, J. P. S., Mariappan, M., & Balakrishnan, K. (2017). Histopathological effect of pesticide quinalphos toxicity on gill and liver of freshwater fish Catla catla. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 5(11), 1654–1657. ISSN 2347-8314.
14. Hemalatha, D., Rangasamy, B., & Nataraj, B. (2020). Assessment of triclosan impact on enzymatic biomarkers in an Indian major carp Catla catla. Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 80, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-019-0094-2
15. Susan, T. A., Sobha, K., & Tilak, K. S. (2012). Toxicity and histopathological changes in the three Indian major carps, Labeo rohita (Hamilton), Catla catla (Hamilton) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) exposed to fenvalerate. ISSN 2231-4490.
16. Kusuma Kumari, T., & Gopala Rao, G. (2017). Effect of phenthoate 50% EC on oxygen consumption of freshwater fish Catla catla. ISSN 2319-7064.
17. Veeraiah, K., Sadasiva Reddy, I., & Sindhur, E. (2018). Acute toxicity of imidacloprid to freshwater fish Labeo rohita and the consequential biochemical changes. ISSN 2250-1991.
18. Shah, Z. U., & Parveena, S. (2020). Review on pesticides pollution in aquatic ecosystem and probable adverse effects on fish. ISSN 0257–8050.
19. Bhatt, N., & Sharma, B. (2020). A study on age, growth and harvestable size of Catla catla (Ham.): Fish determination of fish age and growth measurement.
20. Patiyal, R. S., Lal, K. K., Punia, P., Singh, A. K., & Mir, J. I. (2013). Length-weight relationship and condition factor of five wild freshwater fish species from River Ganga in India. Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health, 13(3–4), 7–11. https://doi.org/10.18311/jeoh/2013/1713