Genetic Aspects of Implantation Failure

Abstract

Implantation failure refers to the inability of a fertilized egg, or embryo, to successfully implant itself in the endometrial lining of the uterus, leading to pregnancy loss. The repeated failure of good quality embryo implantation is referred to as recurrent implantation failure (RIF). This can occur for a variety of reasons, including chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo, problems with the endometrium, or issues with the immune system. Factors such as advanced maternal age, obesity, smoking, and certain medical conditions can also increase the risk of implantation failure. While treatment such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) can help to improve the chances of successful implantation, there is currently no definite way to prevent or treat implantation failure.  Patients and healthcare professionals have substantial diagnostic and treatment hurdles as a result of many etiological factors and lack of knowledge about RIF. A number of studies have indicated a correlation between irregular hormone levels, disruptions in angiogenic and immunomodulatory factors, specific genetic polymorphisms, and the prevalence of RIF. Nonetheless, the precise and intricate underlying pathophysiology of RIF remains elusive.  However, many studies are ongoing in this field to understand the underlying causes and to find new ways to help couples achieve pregnancy. This review article extensively explores diverse molecular and genetic facets aimed at enhancing the diagnosis and management of implantation failure.