A Comprehensive Review of Water Treatment Methods for Heavy Metal Ion Removal from Wastewater
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Abstract
Wastewater pollution with heavy metals presents serious problems with not only environmental integrity but also human health safety. This review is a complete review that includes different removal methods and technologies for heavy metals from wastewater and proceeds to include the traditional techniques as well as the advanced ones. The traditional techniques such as chemical precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption, membrane filtration, coagulation, and flocculation along with their effectiveness and some of the pitfalls are provided in this discussion. Moreover, the developments of the past years such as nanotechnology, electrochemical methods, hybrid systems, and biological treatments are further outlined as ways to improve treatment outcomes and lower the environmental impact. Efficiency of treatments factors including the pH, temperature, metal concentration, the reactor design, operation parameters, and costs considerations are critically examined to provide ideas into how to improve the performance of the treatments. By means of the combination of state-of-the-art technologies and treated-liquid effectiveness components, this review seeks to supply information for the betterment of heavy metals removal in wastewater treatment, and as such give a cleaner and healthier surrounding to the future generations.
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