Protective and antidote effect of Foeniculum vulgare against Sodium Arsenite induced hepatotoxicity and testicular toxicity in Charles Foster rats
Main Article Content
Abstract
Arsenic poisoning in groundwater is the most common environmental pollutant, which is leading to serious pollution worldwide. Chronic arsenic exposure from drinking water to humans causes major public health-related issues. The present study was conducted to investigate the antidote effects of Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) against arsenic-induced hepatotoxicity and testicular toxicity in Charles Foster rats.
In the present study, twenty-four male Charles Foster rats (120±5gm) were divided into four Groups (n=6), where control Group-I received a normal diet and water; Group - II and Group - III received sodium arsenite (8 mg per kg body weight per day) for 90 days. Group III was left with a normal diet and water for the next 60 days for auto-recovery. The group IV rats were administered Foeniculum vulgare (Funnel) hydroxyl ethanolic seed extract at a dose of 150 mg per kg body weight for 60 days in a 90-day pre-treated sodium arsenite group (8 mg per kg body weight). After complete dose duration, all the treated animals were sacrificed the same day for haematological, biochemical, hormonal, and histopathological studies.
In the arsenic treated rats, there were significant (p<0.001) changes in serum levels of SGPT, SGOT, urea, uric acid and creatinine as well as in haematological parameters. And there was also decease in the sperm count and sperm motility, accompanied by an increased incidence of sperm abnormalities and hormonal imbalances leading to infertility. In contrast, after the administration of F. vulgare seeds hydroxy-ethanolic extract to arsenic-treated rats, significant (p<0.001) improvements were observed in hepatic and renal parameters as well as haematological parameters. In the arsenic-intoxicant rat, after administration of F. vulgare seeds hydroxyl ethanolic extract, there was a significant (p<001) reduction in the arsenic concentration in blood, liver, and kidney tissues as well as serum LPO.
The histopathological study also showed the F. vulgare seeds hydroxy-ethanolic extract significantly restored the cellular integrity of testicular cells, leading to their normal functioning against arsenic-induced toxicity.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Abbas, A., Ikram, R., Hasan, F., Sarfaraz, S., & Bukhari, Q. U. A. (2020). Fennel fortified diet: New perspective with regard to fertility and sex hormones. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 33(6), 2595–2600.
Alam, P., Abdel-Kader, M. S., Alqarni, M. H., Zaatout, H. H., Ahamad, S. R., & Shakeel, F. (2019). Chemical composition of fennel seed extract and determination of fenchone in commercial formulations by GC-MS method. Journal of food science and technology, 56(5), 2395–2403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03695-9.
Alghamdi S. A. (2020). Effect of Nigella sativa and Foeniculum vulgare seeds extracts on male mice exposed to carbendazim. Saudi journal of biological sciences, 27(10), 2521– 2530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.04.016.
Barai, M., Ahsan, N., Paul, N., Hossain, K., Abdur Rashid, M., Kato, M., Ohgami, N., & Azim Akhand, A. (2017). Amelioration of arsenic-induced toxic effects in mice by dietary supplementation of Syzygium cumini leaf extract. Nagoya journal of medical science, 79(2), 167–177. https://doi.org/10.18999/nagjms.79.2.167
Bayrami, A., Shirdel, A., Rahim Pouran, S., Mahmoudi, F., Habibi-Yangjeh, A., Singh, R., & Abdul Raman, A. A. (2020). Co-regulative effects of chitosan-fennel seed extract system on the hormonal and biochemical factors involved in the polycystic ovarian syndrome. Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications, 117, 111351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111351.
Chakraborti, D., Mukherjee, S. C., Pati, S., Sengupta, M. K., Rahman, M. M., Chowdhury, U. K., Lodh, D., Chanda, C. R., Chakraborti, A. K., & Basu, G. K. (2003). Arsenic groundwater contamination in Middle Ganga Plain, Bihar, India: a future danger?. Environmental health perspectives, 111(9), 1194–1201. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.5966.
Chakraborti, D., Rahman, M. M., Ahamed, S., Dutta, R. N., Pati, S., & Mukherjee, S. C. (2016). Arsenic contamination of groundwater and its induced health effects in Shahpur block, Bhojpur district, Bihar state, India: risk evaluation. Environmental science and pollution research international, 23(10), 9492–9504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6149-8.
Delwatta, S. L., Gunatilake, M., Baumans, V., Seneviratne, M. D., Dissanayaka, M. L. B., Batagoda, S. S., Udagedara, A. H., & Walpola, P. B. (2018). Reference values for selected hematological, biochemical and physiological parameters of Sprague-Dawley rats at the Animal House, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka. Animal models and experimental medicine, 1(4), 250–254. https://doi.org/10.1002/ame2.12041.
Gul, M., Hildorf, S., Dong, L., Thorup, J., Hoffmann, E. R., Jensen, C. F. S., Sønksen, J., Cortes, D., Fedder, J., Andersen, C. Y., & Goossens, E. (2020). Review of injection techniques for spermatogonial stem cell transplantation. Human reproduction update, 26(3), 368–391. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmaa003.
Hosseini, E., Majidi, M. M., Saeidnia, F., & Ehtemam, M. H. (2022). Genetic analysis and physiological relationships of drought response in fennel: Interaction with mating system. PloS one, 17(11), e0277926. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277926.
Jahan, S., Rehman, S., Ullah, H., Munawar, A., Ain, Q. U., & Iqbal, T. (2016). Ameliorative effect of quercetin against arsenic-induced sperm DNA damage and daily sperm production in adult male rats. Drug and chemical toxicology, 39(3), 290–296. https://doi.org/10.3109/01480545.2015.1101772.
Kumar A, Ali M, Kumar R, Rahman MS, Srivastava A, Chayal NK, Sagar V, Kumari R, Parween S, Kumar R, Niraj PK, Anand G, Singh SK, Ghosh AK (2020a): High Arsenic Concentration in Blood Samples of People of Village Gyaspur Mahaji, Patna, Bihar Drinking Arsenic‑Contaminated Water. Springer Nature Journal Exposure and Health, 12, 131–140 (published print version 2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-018-00294-5.
Kumar A, Ali Md, Rahman S Md, Iqubal A Md, Anand G, Niraj P.K, Shankar P and Kumar R (2015a): Ground Water Arsenic Poisoning in “Tilak Rai Ka Hatta” Village of Buxar District, Bihar, India Causing Severe Health Hazards and Hormonal Imbalance. J Environ Anal Toxicol 5:290. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000290.
Kumar A, Kumar R, Rahman MS, Iqubal M, Ali M, Niraj PK, Anand G, Prabhat K., Abhinav & Ghosh A.K. (2016) : Ground water arsenic contamination: A local survey in India. Int J Prev Med ;7:100. https://doi.org/10.4103/2008-7802.188085.
Kumar A, Rahman MS, Kumar R, Ali M, Niraj PK, Srivastava A, Singh SK and Ghosh AK. (2019a) Arsenic contamination in groundwater causing impaired memory and intelligence in school children of Simri village of Buxar district of Bihar. J Mental Health Hum Behav;24:132-8. https://doi.org/10.4103/jmhhb.jmhhb_31_18.
Kumar A., Ghosh A.K. (2021d) Assessment of Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater and Affected Population of Bihar. In: Kumar N. (eds) Arsenic Toxicity: Challenges and Solutions. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6068-6_7.
Kumar, A., & Ghosh, A. K. (2019b). Arsenic and Cancer. In P. Papadopoulou, C. Marouli, & A. Misseyanni (Ed.), Environmental Exposures and Human Health Challenges (pp. 106132). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7635-8.ch005.
Kumar, A., Ali, M., Kumar, R., Kumar, M., Sagar, P., Pandey, R. K., Akhouri, V., Kumar, V., Anand, G., Niraj, P. K., Rani, R., Kumar, S., Kumar, D., Bishwapriya, A., & Ghosh, A. K. (2021a). Arsenic exposure in Indo Gangetic plains of Bihar causing increased cancer risk. Scientific reports, 11(1), 2376. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81579-9.
Kumar, A., Ali, M., Raj V, Kumari A, Rachamalla M, Niyogi S, Kumar D, Sharma A, Saxena A, Panjawani G, Jain P, Vidyarthi A, Kumar N, Kumar M, Niraj PK, Rahman MS, Bishwapriya A, Kumar R, Sakamoto M, Kumar S, Singh M, Ghosh AK. (2023). Arsenic causing gallbladder cancer disease in Bihar. Scientific reports, 13(1), 4259. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-30898-0.
Kumar, A., Kumar, R, Rahman, MS., Iqubal,A., Anand,G., Niraj,P.K. &. Ali, M. (2015b) : Phytoremedial effect of Withania somnifera against arsenic-induced testicular toxicity in Charles Foster Rats. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 5 (4) : 355-364.
Kumar, A., Kumar, R., Rahman, M. S., Ali, M., Kumar, R., Nupur, N., Gaurav, A., Raj, V., Anand, G., Niraj, P. K., Kumar, N., Srivastava, A., Biswapriya, A., Chand, G. B., Kumar, D., Rashmi, T., Kumar, S., Sakamoto, M., & Ghosh, A. K. (2021b). Assessment of arsenic exposure in the population of Sabalpur village of Saran District of Bihar with mitigation approach. Environmental science and pollution research international, 10.1007/s11356-021-13521-5. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13521-5.
Kumar, A., Kumar, V., Akhouri, V., Kumar R., Ali., M, Rashmi T., Chand G.B., Singh S.K., Ghosh A.K. (2022d) Protective efficacy of Coriandrum sativum seeds against arsenic induced toxicity in Swiss albino mice. Toxicol Res. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43188-022-00123-7.
Kumar, A., Rahman, M. S., Ali, M., Salaun, P., Gourain, A., Kumar, S., Kumar, R., Niraj, P. K., Kumar, M., Kumar, D., Bishwapriya, A., Singh, S., Murti, K., Dhingra, S., Sakamoto, M., & Ghosh, A. K. (2022a). Assessment of disease burden in the arsenic exposed population of Chapar village of Samastipur district, Bihar, India, and related mitigation initiative. Environmental science and pollution research international, 29(18), 27443– 27459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18207-6.
Kumar, A., Rahman, M.S., Ali, M., Kumar, R., Niraj, P.K., Akhouri, V., Singh, S.K., Kumar, D., Rashmi, T., Bishwapriya, A., Chand G.B., Sakamoto, M., Ghosh, A.K., (2021c). Assessment of arsenic exposure and its mitigation intervention in severely exposed population of Buxar district of Bihar, India. Toxicol. Environ. Health Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13530-021-00086-6.
Kumar, A., Raj, V., Srivastava, A., Ali, M., Ghosh, A. K., Rachamalla, M., & Kumar, D. (2022c). Autophagy in arsenic exposed population and cancer patients. In Autophagy and Metabolism (pp. 141-161). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-998796.00010-9.
Kumar, A., Ravi, C., Dhingra, S., Krishna Murti, M. A., & Ghosh, A. K. (2022b). Arsenic Causing Gallbladder Cancer Disease near the Himalayan bound Rivers in Bihar: A Case study of Gallbladder Cancer. Journal of Cancer Science and Clinical Therapeutics, 6, 388391. https://doi.org/10.26502/jcsct.5079178.
Kumar, V., Akhouri, V., Singh, S. K., & Kumar, A. (2020b). Phytoremedial effect of Tinospora cordifolia against arsenic induced toxicity in Charles Foster rats. Biometals: an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine, 33(6), 379–396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-020-00256-y.
Malini, T., Vanithakumari, G., Megala, N., Anusya, S., Devi, K., & Elango, V. (1985). Effect of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. seed extract on the genital organs of male and female rats. Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 29(1), 21–26.
Malo, C., Gil, L., Cano, R., González, N., & Luño, V. (2012). Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) provides antioxidant protection for boar semen cryopreservation. Andrologia, 44 Suppl 1, 710–715. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.2011.01254.x.
Minas, A., Najafi, G., Jalali, A. S., & Razi, M. (2018). Fennel induces cytotoxic effects against testicular germ cells in mice; evidences for suppressed pre-implantation embryo development. Environmental toxicology, 10.1002/tox.22570. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.22570.
Monton, A., Gil, L., Malo, C., Olaciregui, M., Gonzalez, N., & de Blas, I. (2015). Sage (Salvia officinalis) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) improve cryopreserved boar epididymal semen quality study. Cryo letters, 36(2), 83–90.
Najafi, A., Daghigh Kia, H., Mehdipour, M., Shamsollahi, M., & Miller, D. J. (2019). Does fennel extract ameliorate oxidative stress frozen-thawed ram sperm?. Cryobiology, 87, 47– 51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2019.02.006.
Nejatbakhsh, R., Riyahi, S., Farrokhi, A., Rostamkhani, S., Mahmazi, S., Yazdinezhad, A., Kazemi, M., & Shokri, S. (2017). Ameliorating effects of fennel and cumin extracts on sperm quality and spermatogenic cells apoptosis by inducing weight loss and reducing leptin concentration in diet-induced obese rats. Andrologia, 49(8), 10.1111/and.12748. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12748.
Rahman MS, Kumar A, Kumar R, Ali M, Ghosh AK, Singh SK. (2019a): Comparative quantification study of arsenic in the groundwater and biological samples of Simri village of Buxar District, Bihar, India. Indian J Occup Environ Med;23: 126-32.
Rahman SMD, Kumar A, Kumar R, Ali M, Singh S.K and Ghosh AK, (2019b) Hematological and Free Radicals Changes among People of Arsenic Endemic Region of Buxar District of Bihar, India. Int J Pub Health Safe 4: 178.
Richards, L. A., Fox, B. G., Bowes, M. J., Khamis, K., Kumar, A., Kumari, R., Kumar, S., Hazra, M., Howard, B., Thorn, R. M. S., Read, D. S., Nel, H. A., Schneidewind, U., Armstrong, L. K., Nicholls, D. J. E., Magnone, D., Ghosh, A., Chakravorty, B., Joshi, H., Dutta, T. K., … Polya, D. A. (2022). A systematic approach to understand hydrogeochemical dynamics in large river systems: Development and application to the River Ganges (Ganga) in India. Water research, 211, 118054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.118054.
Richards, L. A., Kumar, A., Shankar, P., Gaurav, A., Ghosh, A., & Polya, D. A. (2020). Distribution and Geochemical Controls of Arsenic and Uranium in Groundwater-Derived Drinking Water in Bihar, India. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(7), 2500. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072500.
Richards, L. A., Kumari, R., White, D., Parashar, N., Kumar, A., Ghosh, A., Kumar, S., Chakravorty, B., Lu, C., Civil, W., Lapworth, D. J., Krause, S., Polya, D. A., & Gooddy, D. C. (2021). Emerging organic contaminants in groundwater under a rapidly developing city (Patna) in northern India dominated by high concentrations of lifestyle chemicals. Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987), 268(Pt A), 115765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115765.
Shahat, A. A., Ibrahim, A. Y., Hendawy, S. F., Omer, E. A., Hammouda, F. M., AbdelRahman, F. H., & Saleh, M. A. (2011). Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oils from organically cultivated fennel cultivars. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 16(2), 1366–1377. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16021366.
Singh, B., & Kale, R. K. (2008). Chemomodulatory action of Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) on skin and forestomach papillomagenesis, enzymes associated with xenobiotic metabolism and antioxidant status in murine model system. Food and chemical toxicology: an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 46(12), 3842–3850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.10.008.
Yakut, H. I., Koyuncu, E., Cakir, U., Tayman, C., Koyuncu, İ., Taskin Turkmenoglu, T., Cakir, E., Ozyazici, A., Aydogan, S., & Zenciroglu, A. (2020). Preventative and therapeutic effects of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seed extracts against necrotizing enterocolitis. Journal of food biochemistry, 44(8), e13284. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13284.
Zargari, F., Rahaman, M. S., KazemPour, R., & Hajirostamlou, M. (2022). Arsenic, Oxidative Stress and Reproductive System. Journal of xenobiotics, 12(3), 214–222. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox12030016.
Zhang, C., Tian, X., Zhang, K., Li, G. Y., Wang, H. Y., & Wang, J. H. (2017). Protective effects of Foeniculum vulgare root bark extract against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice. World journal of gastroenterology, 23(31), 5722–5731. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v23.i31.5722.
Zhao, H. P., Gao, Y. F., Xia, D., Zhao, Z. Q., Wu, S., Wang, X. H., Liu, H. X., Xiao, C., Xing, X. M., & He, Y. (2018). Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese journal of preventive medicine], 52(5), 538–544. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.02539624.2018.05.014.