Various Extraction Methods of Chitosan From An Aquatic Resource Shrimp Shell Waste
Main Article Content
Abstract
Natural biopolymer chitosan has free toxicity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Based on previously published works, the goal of this review is to investigate various chitosan production techniques. Drawing from published works, this review attempts to investigate several chitosan production techniques. This article is to provide a concise overview of the many approaches, including chemical and biological approaches, used in the manufacturing of chitosan. Chitosan can be made by processes that are chemical or biological in nature. Enzymatic and fermentation are biological techniques, and the mechanisms of the various chemical agents and reaction parameters employed, are chemical techniques. The three main procedures of demineralization, deproteinization, and deacetylation used to extract chitin and chitosan from raw shrimp wastes. The most important factor, according to study, is the concentration of alkali used for deacetylation, which is followed by the concentrations of acid and alkali used for demineralization and deproteinization.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Abdou, E.S., Nagy, K.S.A., Elsabee, M.Z. (2008). Extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from local sources. Bioresour. Technol., 99(5), 1359– 1367.
Ahmad, S.I.; Ahmad, R.; Khan, M.S.; Kant, R.; Shahid, S.; Gautam, L.; Hasan, G.M.; Hassan, I. (2020). Chitin and its derivatives: Structural properties and biomedical applications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020, 164, 526–539. [CrossRef]
Ahmed S. and Ikram S. (2017). Chitosan: Derivatives, Composites and Applications, 1st ed., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, Hoboken, NJ, 2017.
Al Sagheer, F.; Al-Sughayer, M.; Muslim, S.; Elsabee, M. (2009). Extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from marine sources in Arabian Gulf. Carbohydr. Polym. 2009, 77, 410–419. [CrossRef]
Arbia W., Arbia L., Adour L., and Amrane A. (2013). Chitin extraction from crustacean shells using biological methods - A review. Food Technology and Biotechnology 51(1) (2013) 12-25.
Azuma, K.; Ifuku, S.; Osaki, T.; Okamoto, Y.; Minami, S. (2014). Preparation and Biomedical Applications of Chitin and Chitosan Nanofibers. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 2014, 10, 2891–2920. [CrossRef]
Beaney P.D., Gan Q., Magee T.R.A., Healy M., and Lizardi-Mendoza J. (2007). Modification of chitin properties for enzymatic deacetylation. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 82(2) (2007) 165-173.
Chang, C.C.; Chang, K.C.; Lin, W.C.; Wu, M.H.(2017). Carbon footprint analysis in the aquaculture industry: Assessment of an ecological shrimp farm. J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 168, 1101–1107. [CrossRef]
Doan C.T., Tran T.N., Vo T.P.K., Nguyen A.D., and Wang S.L., (2019). Chitin extraction from shrimp waste by liquid fermentation using an alkaline protease-producing 39 strain, Brevibacillus parabrevis. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 131 (2019) 706-715.
Elieh-Ali-Komi D and Hamblin M.R. (2016). Chitin and chitosan: Production and application of versatile biomedical nanomaterials. International Journal of Advanced Research 4(3) (2016) 411.
Hajji, S., Ghorbel-Bellaaj O., Younes I., Jellouli K., Nasri M., (2015). Chitin extraction from crab shells by Bacillus bacteria. Biological activities of fermented crab supernatants. Int. J. Biol. Macromolec., 79, 167–173.
Hayes M, Carney B, Slater J, Brück W. (2008). Mining marine shellfish wastes for bioactive molecules: Chitin and chitosan Part A: extraction methods. Biotechnology Journal: Healthcare Nutrition Technology, 2008; 3(7):871-7. doi: 10.1002/biot.200700197.
Hossain M and Iqbal A (2014). Production and characterization of chitosan from shrimp waste. J. Bangladesh Agric. Univ. 2014, 12, 153–160. [CrossRef]
Hossain S and Uddin K (2020). Isolation and Extraction of Chitosan from Shrimp Shells. Int. J. Adv. Res. 2020, 8, 657–664. [CrossRef]
Huang M. (2004). Uptake and cytotoxicity of chitosan molecules and nanoparticles: Effects of molecular weight and degree of deacetylation. Pharmaceutical Research, 21(2), 344-353.
Inzali H., Aung S.P.S., Win K.C., Le Nu W., Ngwe H., and Nwe N. (2017). Enzymes from Genetically Modified Microorganisms for Production of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharide, Chitosan: Derivatives, Composites and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Newark, NJ, 2017, pp. 167-181.
Islam, A.; Islam, M.; Zakaria, M.; Paul, S.; Mamun, A.( 2019). Extraction and Worth Evaluation of Chitosan from Shrimp and Prawn Co-products. Am. J. Food Technol. 2019, 15, 43–48. [CrossRef]
Jo G.H., Park R.D., and Jung W.J. (2010). Enzymatic production of chitin from crustacean shell waste, in: S.-K. Kim (Ed.), Chitin, Chitosan, Oligosaccharides and Their Derivatives, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL, 2010, pp. 37-45.
Kandra P, Challa MM, Jyothi HKP.(2012). Efficient use of shrimp waste: present and future trends. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2012;93(1):17-29. doi: 10.1007/s00253-011-3651-2.
Kean T and Thanou M., (2011). Chitin and chitosan: Sources, production and medical applications, in: P.A. Williams (Ed.), Renewable resources for functional polymers and biomaterials: Polysaccharides, proteins and polyesters, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, England, 2011, pp. 292-318.
Kim S.K. (2011). Chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides and their derivatives: Biological activities and applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011.
Kumar, M.Y. and Ravi, A. (2017). Extraction and Characterization of Chitosan from Shrimp Waste for Application in the Feed Industry. Int. J. Sci. Environ. Technol. 2017, 6, 2548–2557. Available online: www.ijset.net (accessed on 13 July 2022).
Lertsutthiwong, P., How, N.C., Chandrkrachan, S. and Stevens, W.F. (2002). Effect of chemical treatment on the characteristics of shrimp chitosan. Journal of metals, materials and minerals, 12(1), 11-18
Marei, N.H., Abd El-Samie, E., Salah, T., Saad, G.R., and Elwahy, A.H.M., (2016). Isolation and characterization of chitosan from different local insectsin Egypt. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 82, 871–877.
No H.K. and Meyers S.P. (1995). Preparation and characterization of chitin and chitosan - A review. Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology 4(2) (1995) 27-52.
No, H.K. and Hur, E.Y.(1998). Control of Foam Formation by Antifoam during Demineralization of Crustacean Shell in Preparation of Chitin. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1998, 46, 3844–3846. [CrossRef]
Patria A. (2013). Production and Characterization of Chitosan from Shrimp Shells Waste. AACL Bioflux 2013, 6, 339–344. Available online: http://www.bioflux.com.ro/aacl (accessed on 15 July 2022).
Percot A.; Viton C. and Domard A.(2003). Characterization of Shrimp Shell Deproteinization. Biomacromolecules. 2003, 4, 1380–1385. [CrossRef]
Pujari N. and Pandharipande S.L. (2016). Review on Synthesis, Characterisation and Bioactivity of Chitosan. IJESRT Int. J. Eng. Sci. Res. Technol. 2016, 5, 334. [CrossRef]
Puvvada Y. S., Vankayalapati S., and Sukhavasi S. (2012). Extraction of chitin from chitosan from exoskeleton of shrimp for application in the pharmaceutical industry. International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, 1(9), 258-263.
Raghvendrakumar M., Yadu Nath V., Aswathy V., Parvathy P., Sunija S., Neelakandan M., Nitheesha S. and Vishnu K. (2017). Chitosan as promising materials for biomedical application: Review, Research & Development in Material Science 2(4) (2017) 16.
Rao MS, Munoz J, and Stevens WF (2000). Critical factors in chitin production by fermentation of shrimp biowaste. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2000; 54(6):808-13. doi: 10.1007/s002530000449.
Rasweefali M.; Sabu, S.; Azad, K.M.; Rahman, M.R.; Sunooj, K.; Sasidharan, A. and Anoop, K. (2022). Influence of deproteinization and demineralization process sequences on the physicochemical and structural characteristics of chitin isolated from Deep-sea mud shrimp (Solenocera hextii). Adv. Biomark. Sci. Technol. 2022, 4, 12–27. [CrossRef]
Rinaudo, M.(2006). Chitin and chitosan: Properties and applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2006, 31, 603–632. [CrossRef]
Rodde, R.H., Einbu, A., and Vårum, K.M. (2008). A seasonal study of the chemical composition and chitin quality of shrimp shells obtained from northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis). Carbohydr. Polym., 71(3), 388–393.
Santos V.P.; Maia P.; Alencar N.D.S.; Farias L.; Andrade R.F.S.; Souza D.; Ribaux D.R.; Franco L.D.O. and Campos-Takaki G.M. (2019). Recovery of chitin and chitosan from shrimp waste with microwave technique and versatile application. Arq. Inst. Biol. 2019, 86, 1–5. [CrossRef]
Sini TK, Santhosh S and Mathew PT. (2007). Study on the production of chitin and chitosan from shrimp shell by using Bacillus subtilis fermentation. Carbohydrate Research, 2007; 342(16):2423-9. doi: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.06.028.
Tsigos I., Martinou A., Kafetzopoulos D.and Bouriotis V. (2000). Chitin deacetylases: New, versatile tools in biotechnology, Trends in Biotechnology 18(7) (2000) 305- 312.
Varlamov V.P.; Ilina A.V.; Shagdarova B.T.; Lunkov A.P. and Mysyakina I.S. (2020). Chitin/Chitosan and Its Derivatives: Fundamental Problems and Practical Approaches. Biochemistry .2020, 85, 154–176. [CrossRef]
Yadav M, Goswami P, Paritosh K, Kumar M, Pareek N, and Vivekanand V. (2019). Seafood waste: A source for preparation of commercially employable chitin/chitosan materials. Bioresources and Bioprocessing, 2019;6(1):8. doi: 10.1186/s40643-019-0243-y.
Yang JK, Shih L, Tzeng YM and Wang SL. (2000). Production and purification of protease from a Bacillus subtilis that can deproteinize crustacean wastes. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 2000; 26(5-6):406-13. doi: 10.1016/s0141-0229(99)00164-7.
Yao K (2012). Chitosan-based hydrogels: Functions and applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2012.
Younes I., and Rinaudo M. (2015). Chitin and chitosan preparation from marine sources. Structure, properties and applications, Marine Drugs 13(3) (2015) 1133-1174.
Younes I., Hajji S., Frachet V., Rinaudo M., Jellouli K. and Nasri M. (2014). Chitin extraction from shrimp shell using enzymatic treatment. Antitumor, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of chitosan. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 69 (2014) 489-498.
Younes I. and Rinaudo M. (2015). Chitin and chitosan preparation from marine sources. Structure, properties and applications. Mar. Drugs, 13, 1133–1174.
Zhao Y., Park R.-D., and Muzzarelli R.A.A. (2010). Chitin Deacetylases: Properties and Applications. Marine Drugs 8(1) (2010) 24.