Analysing Climate Change Manifestations Through People's Perception in Kashmir Valley, India.
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Abstract
The Kashmir Himalayas, a fragile mountainous region, are experiencing the adverse effects of climate change, including rising temperatures, erratic rainfall, and extreme weather events. This study, based on primary data from 384 respondents in the Kashmir Valley, assesses people's perceptions of climate change impacts, particularly on temperature, precipitation, extreme weather events, and agriculture. Results indicate that 57% of respondents observe a decline in rainfall, 75% note a significant reduction in snowfall, and almost 60% perceive a decrease in stream discharge. Additionally, 75% believe that extreme weather events have become more frequent and intense, adversely affecting agricultural productivity. These findings align with empirical studies on climate change in the region and can serve as a basis for mobilizing public participation in government and non-governmental initiatives aimed at adaptation and mitigation.
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References
Akbar M, Bhat MS, Khan AA (2023) Multi-hazard susceptibility mapping for disaster risk reduction in Kargil-Ladakh Region of Trans-Himalayan India. Environ Earth Sci. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/s12665- 022- 10729-7s
Akerlof, K., & Maybach, E. W. (2011). A rose by any other name...? What members of the general public prefer to call “climate change”? Climatic Change, 106(4), 699-710.
Allen JT, Allen ER (2016) A review of severe thunderstorms in Australia 2016. Atmos Res 178:347–366
Attri, S. D., & Tyagi, A. (2010). Climate profile of India. Environment Monitoring and Research Center, India Meteorology Department: New Delhi, India. Retreived from https://www.researchgate.net/profile.
Bhatt, D. K. (1975). On the Quaternary geology of the Kashmir Valley with special reference to stratigraphy and sedimentation: Geological Survey of India Miscellaneous Publication 24.
Bedka KM, Allen JT, Punge HJ, Kunz M, Simanovic D (2018) A long-term overshooting convective cloudtop detection database over Australia derived from MTSAT Japanese advanced meteorological imager observations. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 57:937–951. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1175/ JAMC-D- 17- 0056.1
Bhandari N. and Nijampurkar V.N., Glaciers: our neglected water banks, Sci. Today, 12, 57-62 (1981)
Bhat, M.S; & Rather, J.A. (2018). Impact Of Climate Change on Spring Season in The North-Western Himalayas: A Study of Kashmir Valley, India (1901-2000). International journal of advance research in science and engineering,7(04).
Bolch T, Kulkarni A, Kääb A, et al. (2012) The state and fate of Himalayan glaciers. Science 336: 310-314. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1215828
Brulle, R. J., Carmichael, J., & Jenkins, J. C. (2012). Shifting public opinion on climate change: an empirical assessment of factors influencing concern over climate change in the US, 2002–2010. Climatic change, 114(2), 169-188. DOI 10.1007/s10584-012-0403-y
Capstick, S., & Whitmarsh, L. (2018). 1. Public Perceptions of Climate Change. List of Tables vii List of Figures ix Introduction 1 1. Public Perceptions of Climate Change 9, 9. Retreived from https://www.researchgate.net/profile.
Cohen, S. J., & Waddell, M. W. (2009). Climate change in the 21st century. McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP. Retreived from https://books.google.co.in/books.
Conradie, E. M. (2020). Why, Exactly, Is Climate Change a Wicked Problem? Philosophia Reformata, 85(2), 226-242. Retreived from https://scholar.google.com/scholar.
Dar RA, Romshoo SA (2012) Estimating daily streamflow in the glacierized mountainous Kashmir Himalayan basin. Journal of Research and Development 12: 113-130.
Dar, R. R., 2017. Tourism and Management of Wetland Ecosystems in Kashmir Valley, Doctoral dissertation, Aligarh Muslim University.
Donnelly, D., Mercer, R., Dickson, J., & Wu, E. (2009). Australia’s Farming Future Final Market Research Report. Understanding behaviours, attitudes and preferences relating to climate change. Prepared for Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. (Instinct and Reason: Sydney.).
Diffenbaugh, N. S., & Field, C. B. (2013). Changes in ecologically critical terrestrial climate conditions. Science, 341(6145), 486-492.
D Etkin, E Ho (2007) Climate Change: Perceptions and Discourses o Risk Journal of Risk Research, volume 10, issue 5, p. 623 – 641
HEATH, Y. & GIFFORD, R. (2006). Free-market ideology and environmental degradation: The case of belief in global climate change. Environment and Behavior,38, 48-71.
Easterbrook, D. J., 1999. Surface Processes and Landforms (Second Ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 530.
E almanasreh et.al (2019). Evaluation of methods used for estimating content validity.15(2),214-221 Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.03.066.high-resolution simulations over Colorado’s mountains. Nat Clim Change 2:125. https:// doi. org/ 10. Ganaie, S. A., Bhat, M. S., Kuchay, N. A., & Parry, J. A. (2014). Delineation of micro agro-climatic zones of Jammu and Kashmir. Int. J. Agricult. Stat. Sci, 10(1), 219-225.
Hansen, J., Ruedy, R., Sato, M., & Lo, K. (2010). Global surface temperature change. Reviews of Geophysics, 48(4).
Intergovernmental panel for climate change (IPCC), Climate Change: The Scientific Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Houghton J.T. et al, eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 881 (2001)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (IPCC) (2007). Glossary of terms used in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Working Group II (WG2). Retrieved from http://www.ipcc.ch/glossary/
Juanico, M., B. and Agno, L, N., 1987. Physical Geography. Goodwill Trading Co., Inc. 113
Kaur R., Saikumar D., Kulkarni A.V. and Chaudhary B.S., Variations in snow cover and snowline altitude in Baspa Basin, Curr. Sci., 96(9), 1255-1258 (2009)
Khan, A. R., 2007. Geography of Jammu and Kashmir. Gulshan Books, Srinagar- 190001, Kashmir
Kripalani R.H., Kulkarni A.V. and Sabade S.S., Western Himalayan snow cover and Indian monsoon rainfall: A re-examination with INSAT and NCEP=NCAR data, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 74(1-2), 1-18 (2003)
Kulkarni AV, Karyakarte Y (2013) Observed Changes in the Himalayan glaciers. Current Science 106: 237-244.
Kumar, K. A., Thayalan, S., Reddy, R. S., Lalitha, M., Kalaiselvi, B., Parvathy, S., ... & Mishra, B. B. (2020). Geology and geomorphology. The Soils of India, 57-79.
Leviston, Z., & Walker, I. (2012). Beliefs and denials about climate change: An Australian perspective. Ecopsychology, 4(4), 277-285.
Loarie, S. R., Duffy, P. B., Hamilton, H., Asner, G. P., Field, C. B., & Ackerly, D. D. (2009). The velocity of climate change. Nature, 462(7276), 1052-1055.
Lobell, D. B., & Field, C. B. (2007). Global scale climate–crop yield relationships and the impacts of recent warming. Environmental research letters, 2(1), 014002.
Lobell, D. B., Schlenker, W., & Costa-Roberts, J. (2011). Climate trends and global crop production since 1980. Science, 333(6042), 616-620.
Lone, F. A., Lone, S., Haq, S. M., Dar, G. H., & Wafai, B. A (2022) Habitat diversity and changing demography of Buttercups (Ranunculus L.) in Kashmir Himalaya (India).
Mahoney K, Alex and er MA, Thompson G, Barsugli JJ, Scott JD (2012) Changes in hail and flood risk in
Mishra.K. A and Rafiq (2016). Analyzing snowfall variability over two locations in Kashmir, India in the context of warming climate,79,1-9. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2017.05.002.
Murtaza KO, Romshoo SA (2017) Recent glacier changes in the Kashmir Alpine Himalayas, India. Geocarto International 32: 188-205. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2015.1132482
observations. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 57:937–951. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1175/ JAMC-D- 17- 0056.1
Parry, M. L., Rosenzweig, C., Iglesias, A., Livermore, M., & Fischer, G. (2004). Effects of climate change on global food production under SRES emissions and socio-economic scenarios. Global environmental change, 14(1), 53-67.
Parvaze, S., Ahmad, L., Parvaze, S., & Kanth, R. H. (2017). Climate change projection in Kashmir Valley (J and K). Current World Environment, 12(1), 107. DOI:10.12944/CWE.12.1.13
Poortinga, W., Spence, A., Whitmarsh, L., Capstick, S., & Pidgeon, N. F. (2011). Uncertain climate: An investigation into public scepticism about anthropogenic climate change. Global environmental change, 21(3), 1015-1024.
Powell and Reinhard.S(2016). Measuring the effects of extreme weather events on yields. Weather and Climate Extremes 12,69-79. Retreived from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2016.02.003.
Raza, M., Mohammad, Ali. and Ahmad, A., (1978). The Valley of Kashmir- A Geographical Interpretation. The Land. Vikas Publication, New Delhi.
Reser, J. P., Bradley, G. L., Glendon, A. I., Ellul, M. C., & Callaghan, R. (2012). Public risk perceptions, understandings and responses to climate change and natural disasters in Australia, 2010 and 2011 (p. 246). Gold Coast: National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility.
Romshoo SA, Dar RA, Rashid I, et al. (2015) Implications of shrinking cryosphere under changing climate on the streamflow’s in the Lidder catchment in the Upper Indus Basin, India. Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research 47: 627- 644. https://doi.org/10.1657/AAAR0014-088
Romshoo, S. A., Rashid, I., Altaf, S., & Dar, G. H. (2020). Jammu and Kashmir state: an overview. Biodiversity of the Himalaya: Jammu and Kashmir State, 129-166.Retreived from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-32-9174-4_6.
Romshoo, S., Rashid, I., Abdullah, T., & Fayaz, M. (2017, April). Observed changes in the himalayan glaciers: multiple driving factors. In EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts (p. 966).
Sen Roy, S., & Balling Jr, R. C. (2004). Trends in extreme daily precipitation indices in India. International Journal of Climatology: A Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 24(4), 457-466.
Sabha, I., Khanday, AS., Islam, TS., Bhat.S(2020) Longitudinal and temporal assemblage patterns of benthic macroinvertebrates in snow melt stream waters of the Jhelum River Basin of Kashmir Himalaya (India) https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2236
Sarkar, S., Padaria, R., Lal, K., & Bhatia, A. (2012). Farmers’ perception and attitude toward climate change in coastal ecosystem of West Bengal. Indian Res. J. Ext. Edu, 12(2), 10-14.
Schlie EE-J, Wuebbles D, Stevens S, Trapp R, Jewett B (2019) A radar-based study of severe hail outbreaks over the contiguous United States for 2000–2011. Int J Climatol 39:278–291. https:// doi.org/ 10. 1002/ joc.5805
Shafi, M., Mir, S., Parrey, HA., Thoker, IA., Shah, SA (2023). Climate Change, hailstorm and livelihood security: a perspective from Kashmir valley India. Natural Hazards. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06307-0
Shafiq, M. U., Islam, Z. U., Abida, A. W., Bhat, M. S., & Ahmed, P. (2019). Recent trends in precipitation regime of Kashmir valley, India. Disaster Adv, 12(4), 1-11.
Shafiq, M. U., Rasool, R., Ahmed, P., & Dimri, A. P. (2019). Temperature and precipitation trends in Kashmir Valley, north western Himalayas. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 135, 293-304
Stephenson, Newman and Mayhew (2010). Population Dynamics and Climate Change: What Are the Links?
Stocker, T. (Ed.). (2014). Climate change 2013: the physical science basis: Working Group I contribution to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge university press.
Trenberth, K. E. (Ed.). (1992). Climate system modeling. Cambridge University Press.
Ul, I. Z., & Khan, R. L. A. (2015). Trends of winter and spring mean snowfall in Kashmir valley during the period 1981-2005. Nature, 2(1).
Upadhyay D.S. (1995). Cold climate hydrometeorology, New age international publisher, New Delhi, India, 287-345
Van der Linden, S. (2015). The social-psychological determinants of climate change risk perceptions: Towards a comprehensive model. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 41, 112-124.
Vainio, A., & Paloniemi, R. (2013). Does belief matter in climate change action? Public Understanding of science, 22(4), 382-395.
Weber, E. U. (2010). What shapes perceptions of climate change? Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 1(3), 332-342. DOI: 10.1002/wcc.41.
Whitmarsh, L., Seyfang, G., & O’Neill, S. (2011). Public engagement with carbon and climate change: To what extent is the public ‘carbon capable’? Global environmental change, 21(1), 56-65.
Whitmarsh, L. (2009). Behavioural responses to climate change: Asymmetry of intentions and impacts. Journal of environmental psychology, 29(1), 13-23.
Xu, J., R.E. Grumbine, A. Shrestha, M. Eriksson, X. Yang, Y. Wang, and A. Wilkes, (2009), The Melting Himalayas: Cascading Effects of Climate Change on Water, Biodiversity, and Livelihoods. Conservation Biology 23: pp. 520-530.
Zhou, J., & Feng, X. Z. (2011). Cognition of adaptation to climate change and its policy evaluation. China Population Resources and Environment, 21(7), 57-61.
Akbar M, Bhat MS, Khan AA (2023) Multi-hazard susceptibility mapping for disaster risk reduction in Kargil-Ladakh Region of Trans-Himalayan India. Environ Earth Sci. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/s12665- 022- 10729-7s
Akerlof, K., & Maybach, E. W. (2011). A rose by any other name...? What members of the general public prefer to call “climate change”? Climatic Change, 106(4), 699-710.
Allen JT, Allen ER (2016) A review of severe thunderstorms in Australia 2016. Atmos Res 178:347–366
Attri, S. D., & Tyagi, A. (2010). Climate profile of India. Environment Monitoring and Research Center, India Meteorology Department: New Delhi, India. Retreived from https://www.researchgate.net/profile.
Bhatt, D. K. (1975). On the Quaternary geology of the Kashmir Valley with special reference to stratigraphy and sedimentation: Geological Survey of India Miscellaneous Publication 24.
Bedka KM, Allen JT, Punge HJ, Kunz M, Simanovic D (2018) A long-term overshooting convective cloudtop detection database over Australia derived from MTSAT Japanese advanced meteorological imager observations. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 57:937–951. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1175/ JAMC-D- 17- 0056.1
Bhandari N. and Nijampurkar V.N., Glaciers: our neglected water banks, Sci. Today, 12, 57-62 (1981)
Bhat, M.S; & Rather, J.A. (2018). Impact Of Climate Change on Spring Season in The North-Western Himalayas: A Study of Kashmir Valley, India (1901-2000). International journal of advance research in science and engineering,7(04).
Bolch T, Kulkarni A, Kääb A, et al. (2012) The state and fate of Himalayan glaciers. Science 336: 310-314. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1215828
Brulle, R. J., Carmichael, J., & Jenkins, J. C. (2012). Shifting public opinion on climate change: an empirical assessment of factors influencing concern over climate change in the US, 2002–2010. Climatic change, 114(2), 169-188. DOI 10.1007/s10584-012-0403-y
Capstick, S., & Whitmarsh, L. (2018). 1. Public Perceptions of Climate Change. List of Tables vii List of Figures ix Introduction 1 1. Public Perceptions of Climate Change 9, 9. Retreived from https://www.researchgate.net/profile.
Cohen, S. J., & Waddell, M. W. (2009). Climate change in the 21st century. McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP. Retreived from https://books.google.co.in/books.
Conradie, E. M. (2020). Why, Exactly, Is Climate Change a Wicked Problem? Philosophia Reformata, 85(2), 226-242. Retreived from https://scholar.google.com/scholar.
Dar RA, Romshoo SA (2012) Estimating daily streamflow in the glacierized mountainous Kashmir Himalayan basin. Journal of Research and Development 12: 113-130.
Dar, R. R., 2017. Tourism and Management of Wetland Ecosystems in Kashmir Valley, Doctoral dissertation, Aligarh Muslim University.
Donnelly, D., Mercer, R., Dickson, J., & Wu, E. (2009). Australia’s Farming Future Final Market Research Report. Understanding behaviours, attitudes and preferences relating to climate change. Prepared for Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. (Instinct and Reason: Sydney.).
Diffenbaugh, N. S., & Field, C. B. (2013). Changes in ecologically critical terrestrial climate conditions. Science, 341(6145), 486-492.
D Etkin, E Ho (2007) Climate Change: Perceptions and Discourses o Risk Journal of Risk Research, volume 10, issue 5, p. 623 – 641
HEATH, Y. & GIFFORD, R. (2006). Free-market ideology and environmental degradation: The case of belief in global climate change. Environment and Behavior,38, 48-71.
Easterbrook, D. J., 1999. Surface Processes and Landforms (Second Ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 530.
E almanasreh et.al (2019). Evaluation of methods used for estimating content validity.15(2),214-221 Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.03.066.high-resolution simulations over Colorado’s mountains. Nat Clim Change 2:125. https:// doi. org/ 10. Ganaie, S. A., Bhat, M. S., Kuchay, N. A., & Parry, J. A. (2014). Delineation of micro agro-climatic zones of Jammu and Kashmir. Int. J. Agricult. Stat. Sci, 10(1), 219-225.
Hansen, J., Ruedy, R., Sato, M., & Lo, K. (2010). Global surface temperature change. Reviews of Geophysics, 48(4).
Intergovernmental panel for climate change (IPCC), Climate Change: The Scientific Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Houghton J.T. et al, eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 881 (2001)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (IPCC) (2007). Glossary of terms used in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Working Group II (WG2). Retrieved from http://www.ipcc.ch/glossary/
Juanico, M., B. and Agno, L, N., 1987. Physical Geography. Goodwill Trading Co., Inc. 113
Kaur R., Saikumar D., Kulkarni A.V. and Chaudhary B.S., Variations in snow cover and snowline altitude in Baspa Basin, Curr. Sci., 96(9), 1255-1258 (2009)
Khan, A. R., 2007. Geography of Jammu and Kashmir. Gulshan Books, Srinagar- 190001, Kashmir
Kripalani R.H., Kulkarni A.V. and Sabade S.S., Western Himalayan snow cover and Indian monsoon rainfall: A re-examination with INSAT and NCEP=NCAR data, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 74(1-2), 1-18 (2003)
Kulkarni AV, Karyakarte Y (2013) Observed Changes in the Himalayan glaciers. Current Science 106: 237-244.
Kumar, K. A., Thayalan, S., Reddy, R. S., Lalitha, M., Kalaiselvi, B., Parvathy, S., ... & Mishra, B. B. (2020). Geology and geomorphology. The Soils of India, 57-79.
Leviston, Z., & Walker, I. (2012). Beliefs and denials about climate change: An Australian perspective. Ecopsychology, 4(4), 277-285.
Loarie, S. R., Duffy, P. B., Hamilton, H., Asner, G. P., Field, C. B., & Ackerly, D. D. (2009). The velocity of climate change. Nature, 462(7276), 1052-1055.
Lobell, D. B., & Field, C. B. (2007). Global scale climate–crop yield relationships and the impacts of recent warming. Environmental research letters, 2(1), 014002.
Lobell, D. B., Schlenker, W., & Costa-Roberts, J. (2011). Climate trends and global crop production since 1980. Science, 333(6042), 616-620.
Lone, F. A., Lone, S., Haq, S. M., Dar, G. H., & Wafai, B. A (2022) Habitat diversity and changing demography of Buttercups (Ranunculus L.) in Kashmir Himalaya (India).
Mahoney K, Alex and er MA, Thompson G, Barsugli JJ, Scott JD (2012) Changes in hail and flood risk in
Mishra.K. A and Rafiq (2016). Analyzing snowfall variability over two locations in Kashmir, India in the context of warming climate,79,1-9. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2017.05.002.
Murtaza KO, Romshoo SA (2017) Recent glacier changes in the Kashmir Alpine Himalayas, India. Geocarto International 32: 188-205. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2015.1132482
observations. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 57:937–951. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1175/ JAMC-D- 17- 0056.1
Parry, M. L., Rosenzweig, C., Iglesias, A., Livermore, M., & Fischer, G. (2004). Effects of climate change on global food production under SRES emissions and socio-economic scenarios. Global environmental change, 14(1), 53-67.
Parvaze, S., Ahmad, L., Parvaze, S., & Kanth, R. H. (2017). Climate change projection in Kashmir Valley (J and K). Current World Environment, 12(1), 107. DOI:10.12944/CWE.12.1.13
Poortinga, W., Spence, A., Whitmarsh, L., Capstick, S., & Pidgeon, N. F. (2011). Uncertain climate: An investigation into public scepticism about anthropogenic climate change. Global environmental change, 21(3), 1015-1024.
Powell and Reinhard.S(2016). Measuring the effects of extreme weather events on yields. Weather and Climate Extremes 12,69-79. Retreived from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2016.02.003.
Raza, M., Mohammad, Ali. and Ahmad, A., (1978). The Valley of Kashmir- A Geographical Interpretation. The Land. Vikas Publication, New Delhi.
Reser, J. P., Bradley, G. L., Glendon, A. I., Ellul, M. C., & Callaghan, R. (2012). Public risk perceptions, understandings and responses to climate change and natural disasters in Australia, 2010 and 2011 (p. 246). Gold Coast: National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility.
Romshoo SA, Dar RA, Rashid I, et al. (2015) Implications of shrinking cryosphere under changing climate on the streamflow’s in the Lidder catchment in the Upper Indus Basin, India. Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research 47: 627- 644. https://doi.org/10.1657/AAAR0014-088
Romshoo, S. A., Rashid, I., Altaf, S., & Dar, G. H. (2020). Jammu and Kashmir state: an overview. Biodiversity of the Himalaya: Jammu and Kashmir State, 129-166.Retreived from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-32-9174-4_6.
Romshoo, S., Rashid, I., Abdullah, T., & Fayaz, M. (2017, April). Observed changes in the himalayan glaciers: multiple driving factors. In EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts (p. 966).
Sen Roy, S., & Balling Jr, R. C. (2004). Trends in extreme daily precipitation indices in India. International Journal of Climatology: A Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 24(4), 457-466.
Sabha, I., Khanday, AS., Islam, TS., Bhat.S(2020) Longitudinal and temporal assemblage patterns of benthic macroinvertebrates in snow melt stream waters of the Jhelum River Basin of Kashmir Himalaya (India) https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2236
Sarkar, S., Padaria, R., Lal, K., & Bhatia, A. (2012). Farmers’ perception and attitude toward climate change in coastal ecosystem of West Bengal. Indian Res. J. Ext. Edu, 12(2), 10-14.
Schlie EE-J, Wuebbles D, Stevens S, Trapp R, Jewett B (2019) A radar-based study of severe hail outbreaks over the contiguous United States for 2000–2011. Int J Climatol 39:278–291. https:// doi.org/ 10. 1002/ joc.5805
Shafi, M., Mir, S., Parrey, HA., Thoker, IA., Shah, SA (2023). Climate Change, hailstorm and livelihood security: a perspective from Kashmir valley India. Natural Hazards. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06307-0
Shafiq, M. U., Islam, Z. U., Abida, A. W., Bhat, M. S., & Ahmed, P. (2019). Recent trends in precipitation regime of Kashmir valley, India. Disaster Adv, 12(4), 1-11.
Shafiq, M. U., Rasool, R., Ahmed, P., & Dimri, A. P. (2019). Temperature and precipitation trends in Kashmir Valley, north western Himalayas. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 135, 293-304
Stephenson, Newman and Mayhew (2010). Population Dynamics and Climate Change: What Are the Links?
Stocker, T. (Ed.). (2014). Climate change 2013: the physical science basis: Working Group I contribution to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge university press.
Trenberth, K. E. (Ed.). (1992). Climate system modeling. Cambridge University Press.
Ul, I. Z., & Khan, R. L. A. (2015). Trends of winter and spring mean snowfall in Kashmir valley during the period 1981-2005. Nature, 2(1).
Upadhyay D.S. (1995). Cold climate hydrometeorology, New age international publisher, New Delhi, India, 287-345
Van der Linden, S. (2015). The social-psychological determinants of climate change risk perceptions: Towards a comprehensive model. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 41, 112-124.
Vainio, A., & Paloniemi, R. (2013). Does belief matter in climate change action? Public Understanding of science, 22(4), 382-395.
Weber, E. U. (2010). What shapes perceptions of climate change? Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 1(3), 332-342. DOI: 10.1002/wcc.41.
Whitmarsh, L., Seyfang, G., & O’Neill, S. (2011). Public engagement with carbon and climate change: To what extent is the public ‘carbon capable’? Global environmental change, 21(1), 56-65.
Whitmarsh, L. (2009). Behavioural responses to climate change: Asymmetry of intentions and impacts. Journal of environmental psychology, 29(1), 13-23.
Xu, J., R.E. Grumbine, A. Shrestha, M. Eriksson, X. Yang, Y. Wang, and A. Wilkes, (2009), The Melting Himalayas: Cascading Effects of Climate Change on Water, Biodiversity, and Livelihoods. Conservation Biology 23: pp. 520-530.
Zhou, J., & Feng, X. Z. (2011). Cognition of adaptation to climate change and its policy evaluation. China Population Resources and Environment, 21(7), 57-61.