Updates In Diagnosis And Management Of Genital Herpes

Main Article Content

Amal Mustafa Ahmed Mohamed
Abdulaziz Ali Salem Alqahtani
Asail Ahmed Alammar
Noora Abdulrahman Alrajhi
Noora Ahmed Juaythin
Farah Fahad ALMuqrin
Abdulmajeed Mohammed Alqahtani
Hatim Musharraf Saeed Alamri
Kholoud Abdullah AlHamdan

Abstract

Herpes genitalia is mainly caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 and can appear as a primary or recurring infection. It is among the most prevalent sexually transmitted illnesses. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the diagnosis, management, treatment, and prophylaxis of herpes genitalis, caused by herpes simplex virus type 2. It addresses critical areas of concern and aims to improve the often inadequate counseling and utilization of lab diagnoses, as well as provide updated information on treatment and management of the infection. This is a valuable resource for healthcare professionals and individuals seeking information on the pathogen and clinical manifestations of herpes genitalis.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

How to Cite
Amal Mustafa Ahmed Mohamed, Abdulaziz Ali Salem Alqahtani, Asail Ahmed Alammar, Noora Abdulrahman Alrajhi, Noora Ahmed Juaythin, Farah Fahad ALMuqrin, Abdulmajeed Mohammed Alqahtani, Hatim Musharraf Saeed Alamri, & Kholoud Abdullah AlHamdan. (2023). Updates In Diagnosis And Management Of Genital Herpes. Journal of Advanced Zoology, 44(5), 1063–1071. https://doi.org/10.53555/jaz.v44i5.3321
Section
Articles
Author Biographies

Amal Mustafa Ahmed Mohamed

Obstetric and Gynecology Consultant, Abha Maternity and children hospital, MOH, Abha, Saudi Arabia

Abdulaziz Ali Salem Alqahtani

General Practice Resident, Khamis Mushait Maternity and Children's Hospital (MOH), KSA.

Asail Ahmed Alammar

College of medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.

Noora Abdulrahman Alrajhi

Medical Intern, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Noora Ahmed Juaythin

Medical Intern, College of medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Farah Fahad ALMuqrin

Medical Intern, College of medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Abdulmajeed Mohammed Alqahtani

Medical intern, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia

Hatim Musharraf Saeed Alamri

Medical intern, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia

Kholoud Abdullah AlHamdan

Medical Intern, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

References

Johnston C. (2022). Diagnosis and Management of Genital Herpes: Key Questions and Review of the Evidence for the 2021 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 74(Suppl_2), S134–S143. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab1056

Mathew, R., Najeem, B., Sobhanakumary, K., Sunny, B., Pinheiro, C., & Anukumar, B. (2018). Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 in Herpes Genitalis: A Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Study from Kerala. Indian journal of dermatology, 63(6), 475–478. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijd.IJD_187_17

Groves M. J. (2016). Genital Herpes: A Review. American Family Physician, 93(11), 928–934.

Cole S. (2020). Herpes Simplex Virus: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. The Nursing Clinics of North America, 55(3), 337–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnur.2020.05.004

Xu, F., Sternberg, M. R., Kottiri, B. J., McQuillan, G. M., Lee, F. K., Nahmias, A. J., ... & Markowitz, L. E. (2006). Trends in herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 seroprevalence in the United States. Jama, 296(8), 964-973.‏

Mathew Jr, J., & Sapra, A. (2022). Herpes simplex type 2. StatPearls [Internet].‏

Tata, S., Johnston, C., Huang, M. L., Selke, S., Magaret, A., Corey, L., & Wald, A. (2010). Overlapping reactivations of herpes simplex virus type 2 in the genital and perianal mucosa. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 201(4), 499-504.‏

Leung, D. T., & Sacks, S. L. (2000). Current recommendations for the treatment of genital herpes. Drugs, 60, 1329-1352.‏

Martín, J. M., Villalón, G., & Jordá, E. (2009). Update on the treatment of genital herpes. Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas (English Edition), 100(1), 22-32.‏

Wong, S. S., & Yuen, K. Y. (2008). Antiviral therapy for respiratory tract infections. Respirology (Carlton, Vic.), 13(7), 950–971. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01404.x

LeGoff, J., Péré, H., & Bélec, L. (2014). Diagnosis of genital herpes simplex virus infection in the clinical laboratory. Virology journal, 11(1), 1-17.‏

Nath, P., Kabir, M. A., Doust, S. K., & Ray, A. (2021). Diagnosis of herpes simplex virus: laboratory and point-of-care techniques. Infectious Disease Reports, 13(2), 518-539.‏

Mazji, H. S., Meshkat, Z., Rezayi, M., Rezaee, S. A., Aryan, E., Gouklani, H., ... & Jalili, A. What is the best laboratory method for diagnosis of Herpes Simplex Virus in genital infections? Archives of medical laboratory sciences, 4(3).‏

Anderson, N. W., Buchan, B. W., & Ledeboer, N. A. (2014). Light microscopy, culture, molecular, and serologic methods for detection of herpes simplex virus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 52(1), 2-8.

Singh, A., Preiksaitis, J., & Romanowski, B. (2005). The laboratory diagnosis of herpes simplex virus infections. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, 16, 92-98.

Deepak, S. A., Kottapalli, K. R., Rakwal, R., Oros, G., Rangappa, K. S., Iwahashi, H., ... & Agrawal, G. K. (2007). Real-time PCR: revolutionizing detection and expression analysis of genes. Current genomics, 8(4), 234-251.

Schremser, V., Antoniewicz, L., Tschachler, E., & Geusau, A. (2020). Polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of herpesvirus infections in dermatology: analysis of clinical data. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 132, 35-41.

Samae, M., Chatpun, S., & Chirasatitsin, S. (2021). Hemagglutination Detection with Paper-Plastic Hybrid Passive Microfluidic Chip. Micromachines, 12(12), 1533. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12121533

Morrow, R. A., Friedrich, D., Meier, A., & Corey, L. (2005). Use of" biokitHSV-2 Rapid Assay" to improve the positive predictive value of Focus HerpeSelect HSV-2 ELISA. BMC Infectious Diseases, 5(1), 1-7.

Ashley, R. L. (2001). Sorting out the new HSV type-specific antibody tests. Sexually transmitted infections, 77(4), 232-237.

Nath, P., Kabir, A., Khoubafarin Doust, S., Kreais, Z. J., & Ray, A. (2020). Detection of bacterial and viral pathogens using photonic point-of-care devices. Diagnostics, 10(10), 841.

Sachdeva, S., Davis, R. W., & Saha, A. K. (2021). Microfluidic point-of-care testing: commercial landscape and future directions. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 8, 602659.

Shevlin, E., & Morrow, R. A. (2014). Comparative performance of the Uni-Gold™ HSV-2 Rapid: a point-of-care HSV-2 diagnostic test in unselected sera from a reference laboratory. Journal of Clinical Virology, 61(3), 378-381.

Laderman, E. I., Whitworth, E., Dumaual, E., Jones, M., Hudak, A., Hogrefe, W., ... & Groen, J. (2008). Rapid, sensitive, and specific lateral-flow immunochromatographic point-of-care device for detection of herpes simplex virus type 2-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies in serum and whole blood. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 15(1), 159-163.

LeGoff, J., Péré, H., & Bélec, L. (2014). Diagnosis of genital herpes simplex virus infection in the clinical laboratory. Virology journal, 11(1), 1-17.‏

Imafuku, S. (2023). Recent advances in the management of herpes simplex in Japan. The Journal of Dermatology, 50(3), 299-304.‏

Majewska, A., & Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska, B. (2022). 40 Years after the Registration of Acyclovir: Do We Need New Anti-Herpetic Drugs?. International journal of molecular sciences, 23(7), 3431. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073431

Sauerbrei, A. (2016). Herpes genitalis: diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde, 76(12), 1310-1317.

German, S. T. I. (2016). Society. STI-treatment pocket guide.

Hollier, L. M., & Wendel, G. D. (2008). Third-trimester antiviral prophylaxis for preventing maternal genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) recurrences and neonatal infection. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, ).

Gross, G. (2004). Herpes simplex virus infections. Der Hautarzt, 55, 818-830.

Kang, S. H., Chua-Gocheco, A., Bozzo, P., & Einarson, A. (2011). Safety of antiviral medication for the treatment of herpes during pregnancy. Canadian Family Physician, 57(4), 427-428.

Brand, Y. M., Roa-Linares, V. C., Betancur-Galvis, L. A., Durán-García, D. C., & Stashenko, E. (2016). Antiviral activity of Colombian Labiatae and Verbenaceae family essential oils and monoterpenes on Human Herpes viruses. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 28(2), 130-137.

Allahverdiyev, A., Duran, N., Ozguven, M. E. N. Ş. U. R. E., & Koltas, S. (2004). Antiviral activity of the volatile oils of Melissa officinalis L. against Herpes simplex virus type-2. Phytomedicine, 11(7-8), 657-661.

Chen, X., Wang, Z., Yang, Z., Wang, J., Xu, Y., Tan, R. X., & Li, E. (2011). Houttuynia cordata blocks HSV infection through inhibition of NF-κB activation. Antiviral Research, 92(2), 341-345.

Egan, K., Hook, L. M., LaTourette, P., Desmond, A., Awasthi, S., & Friedman, H. M. (2020). Vaccines to prevent genital herpes. Translational Research, 220, 138-152.‏

Petrera, E., & Coto, C. E. (2009). The therapeutic effect of meliacine, an antiviral derived from Melia azedarach L., in mice genital herpetic infection. Phytotherapy Research, 23(12), 1771-1777.

Halford, W. P., Geltz, J., Messer, R. J., & Hasenkrug, K. J. (2015). Antibodies are required for complete vaccine-induced protection against herpes simplex virus 2. PLoS One, 10(12), e0145228.

Stanfield BA, Kousoulas KG, Fernandez A, Gershburg E. Rational Design of Live-Attenuated Vaccines against Herpes Simplex Viruses. Viruses. 2021;13(8):1637. Published 2021 Aug 18. doi:10.3390/v13081637

Stanfield BA, Bravo FJ, Dixon DA, Chouljenko VN, Kousoulas KG, Bernstein DI. Cross protective efficacy of the Non-Neurotropic live attenuated herpes simplex virus type 1 vaccine VC-2 is enhanced by intradermal vaccination and deletion of glycoprotein G. Vaccine. 2022;40(42):6093-6099. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.015

Dudek T, Knipe DM. Replication-defective viruses as vaccines and vaccine vectors. Virology. 2006;344(1):230-239. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.020

Nguyen LH, Knipe DM, Finberg RW. Replication-defective mutants of herpes simplex virus (HSV) induce cellular immunity and protect against lethal HSV infection. J Virol. 1992;66(12):7067-7072. doi:10.1128/JVI.66.12.7067-7072.1992

Krishnan R, Stuart PM. Developments in Vaccination for Herpes Simplex Virus. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:798927. Published 2021 Dec 7. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.798927

Wang Y, Zhang Z, Luo J, Han X, Wei Y, Wei X. mRNA vaccine: a potential therapeutic strategy. Mol Cancer. 2021;20(1):33. Published 2021 Feb 16. doi:10.1186/s12943-021-01311-z

Liu J, Fu M, Wang M, Wan D, Wei Y, Wei X. Cancer vaccines as promising immuno-therapeutics: platforms and current progress. J Hematol Oncol. 2022;15(1):28. Published 2022 Mar 18. doi:10.1186/s13045-022-01247-x