Virulence Mechanisms And Vaccine Development Strategies Against Leishmaniasis: An Evolving Battle
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53555/jaz.v43i1.5005Keywords:
Leishmaniasis, PKDL, Virulence factor, gp63, Vaccine, Leishmanial antigensAbstract
Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease, is caused by more than 20 species of Leishmania and transmitted primarily by sand flies. It manifests in various forms, including cutaneous, mucocutaneous, visceral, and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most severe, affecting organs like the liver and spleen, while cutaneous and mucocutaneous forms cause skin ulcers and mucosal lesions, respectively. Leishmania parasites have evolved sophisticated virulence factors, such as lipophosphoglycan (LPG), GP63 protease, and elongation factor 1α (EF1α), to evade the host immune system and survive within macrophages. These virulence factors are critical targets for vaccine development. Second-generation vaccines have focused on recombinant antigens like gp63 and KMP-11, while third-generation vaccines explore DNA-based strategies targeting key Leishmania antigens. Despite promising results in preclinical studies, challenges such as immune evasion, genetic diversity, and variable host responses hinder universal vaccine efficacy. Continued research into virulence mechanisms and innovative vaccine approaches is essential to developing effective, safe, and widely applicable vaccines against leishmaniasis.
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