Analyzing Transformations in Land Ownership and Land Grants in Ancient India: A Historical Perspective

Abstract

The present research paper delves into the intricate dynamics of land ownership and land grants in Ancient India. It examines how the theoretical concept of land ownership and land grant systems evolved over time. Initially, private land ownership with rights of alienation was primarily of a religious nature, often enjoyed by the priestly class. However, as time progressed, private land ownership became a significant component of the social structure, although not uniformly applicable to all landholding classes. In contrast, another group of land assignees remained under strict control of the rulers, with their land being subject to confiscation and transfer. During the later Gupta period, land and proprietary rights in land gained paramount importance and played a central role in various aspects of society, including social, cultural, religious, economic, and political activities, until the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate. Land grants were often bestowed upon officers and religious groups and institutions in exchange for services rendered to the state. This practice reflects both economic challenges of the time and the role of land as a means of social mobilization and social status. Consequently, society became more stratified and complex. This research paper draws upon a wide range of primary and secondary sources, including epigraphs, inscriptions, coins, cowries, and texts. By synthesizing these diverse sources, this monograph sheds light on an important aspect of Indian history that significantly influenced its social, political, religious, and economic development.