CHROMATOGRAPHY: INTRODUCTION OF IMPORTANT SEPARATION METHODS AND MODERN TECHNIQUES FOR ADJUSTMENT OF COLUMN PARAMETERS AND FLOW RATE IN LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY TO REDUCE ANALYSIS TIME AND COST

Abstract

Chromatographic techniques play a major role in the pharmaceutical industries for separation, including clinical applications, environmental applications, forensics, food analysis, and the analysis of biological samples. Different chromatographic techniques are available for analysis, like TLC, HPLC, UPLC, GC, LCMS, ion exchange, affinity, and Size exclusion chromatography, etc. In each chromatographic technique, the movable (Mobile) phase and fixed (Stationary) phases play a major role in the separation of mixture compounds. In Liquid chromatography, the “small particle size” of the stationary phase increased the performance of chromatographic separation after adjustment in Column parameters (length & internal diameters), resulting in reduced analysis time, consumption of chemical/Solvent, and Cost of analysis which is support to Green Chemistry. Isolation of content depends on partitioning between mobile and stationary phases which is completed with the help of Vander Waals' forces through dipole-dipole, dipole-induce dipole, л-complex bonding, hydrogen bonding interaction, adsorption/desorption, Physico-chemical interaction, capillary ways holding-bonding pattern, size and shape pattern, and ligand-receptor phenomena. In all the above techniques the movable phase is liquid or gas whereas the stationary phase contains solid material and solid support coated with a liquid material.