Effectiveness And Safety Measures Of Benazepril Hydrochloride On Diabetic Nephropathy
Main Article Content
Abstract
One of the most common chronic microvascular consequences of diabetes, diabetic nephropathy (DN) affects a significant number of individuals globally. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) reports that there are 37 million diabetes people globally, with around 4.6 million of them passing away in 2011. The current review was based on the effectiveness and toxicity of Benazepril Hydrochloride on Diabetic Nephropathy. Benazepril is a prodrug that consists of an extremely low inhibitory action ethyl ester, a carboxylic acid group, and the benzepine nucleus with a phenyl-propyl side chain. The FDA has approved benazepril hydrochloride for the treatment of hypertension, either by itself or in conjunction with other antihypertensive medications. Anaphylactoid reactions and angioedema, which can include tongue edema and laryngeal angioedema, are examples of sensitivity reactions that have the potential to be lethal. Renal dysfunction and electrolyte imbalances are linked to hypotension. In the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, the use of medications that affect the renin-angiotensin system decreases fetal renal function and increases morbidity and mortality in the fetus and newborn. The most prevalent indicator of toxicity is low blood pressure. In additions, lack of energy, increased salivation, elevated heart rate, vomiting, diarrhoea, weakness, coughing, bronchospasms, and kidney malfunction are other indicators of toxicity. In conclusion, in the management of diabetic nephropathy combination therapy- benazepril with spironolactone or diuretic is recommended. It heals the nephrons which have been affected due to the toxicity of various drugs or infections.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Matsui T, Yamagishi S, Takeuchi M, Ueda S, Fukami K, Okuda S. Nifedipine inhibits advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their receptor (RAGE) interaction-mediated proximal tubular cell injury via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010;398(2):326–30.
2. Kong LL, Wu H, Cui WP, Zhou WH, Luo P, Sun J, Yuan H, Miao LN. Advances in murine models of diabetic nephropathy. J Diabetes Res. 2013;2013:797548.
3. Keane WF, Brenner BM, De Zeeuw D, Grunfeld J-P, Mcgill J, Mitch WE, Ribeiro AB, Shahinfar S, Simpson RL, Snapinn SM. The risk of developing end-stage renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy: the RENAAL study. Kidney Int. 2003;63(4):1499–507.
4. Dronavalli S, Duka I, Bakris GL. The pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008;4(8):444–52.
5. Yamamoto Y, Maeshima Y, Kitayama H, Kitamura S, Takazawa Y, Sugiyama H, Yamasaki Y, Makino H. Tumstatin peptide, an inhibitor of angiogenesis, prevents glomerular hypertrophy in the early stage of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes. 2004;53(7):1831–40.
Reiser J. Filtering new facts about kidney disease. Nat Med. 2011;17(1):44–5.
Chugh SS, Clement LC, Macé C. New insights into human minimal change disease: lessons from animal models. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;59(2):284–92.
Liu X, Liu L, Chen P, Zhou L, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Jiang L, Cheng D, Huang W, Yi D. Clinical trials of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy-A systematic review based on a subgroup analysis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;151(2):810–9.
Whalen JJ. Definition of the effective dose of the converting-enzyme inhibitor benazepril. Am. Heart J. 117, 728–734 (1989).
Balfour JA, Goa KL. Benazepril. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in hypertension and congestive heart failure. Drugs. 1991 Sep;42(3):511-39.
Herman LL, Padala SA, Ahmed I, Bashir K. StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): Jul 31, 2023. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEI).
Bicket DP. Using ACE inhibitors appropriately. Am Fam Physician. 2002 Aug 01;66(3):461-8.
Palatini P, Mos L, Motolese M, Mormino P, Del Torre M, Varotto L, Pavan E, Pessina AC. Effect of evening versus morning benazepril on 24-hour blood pressure: a comparative study with continuous intraarterial monitoring. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1993 Jun;31(6):295-300.
M Chen, V Vijay, Q Shi, Z Liu, H Fang, W Tong. FDA-Approved Drug Labeling for the Study of Drug-Induced Liver Injury, Drug Discovery Today, 16(15-16):697-703, 2011.
M Chen, A Suzuki, S Thakkar, K Yu, C Hu, W Tong. DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans. Drug Discov Today 2016, 21(4): 648-653
Xue Lingyu, Xiaoqing Feng, Chuanhai Wang, Xuebin Zhang, Wenqiang Sun and Kebo Yu. Benazepril hydrochloride improves diabetic nephropathy and decreases proteinuria by decreasing ANGPTL-4 expression. Benazepril hydrochloride improves diabetic nephropathy and decreases proteinuria by decreasing ANGPTL-4 expression. BMC Nephrology (2017) 18:307.
Hou FF, Zhang X, Zhang GH et al. Efficacy and safety of benazepril for advanced chronic renal insufficiency. N. Engl. J. Med. 354, 131–140 (2006).
Shoda J, Kanno Y, Suzuki H. A five-year comparison of the renal protective effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with non-diabetic nephropathy. Intern. Med. 45, 193–198 (2006).
Agodoa LY, Appel L, Bakris GL et al. Effect of ramipril vs. amlodipine on renal outcomes in hypertensive nephrosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 285, 2719–2728 (2001).
Bakris GL, Weir MR, Shanifar S et al. Effects of blood pressure level on progression of diabetic nephropathy: results from the RENAAL study. Arch. Intern. Med. 163, 1555–1565 (2003).
Tomasz Stompor, Maria Napora1 and Artur Olszewski1. Renoprotective effects of benazepril: current perspective. Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther. 9(6), (2011).
Piero Ruggenenti, Matias Trillini, Drazenka P. Barlovic et al. Effects of valsartan, benazepril and their combination in overt nephropathy of type 2 diabetes: A prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;1–14.
Peng Tao, Jie Wang, Junhui Zhen, Zhao Hu, Xiangdong YangFried. Effect of benazepril on the transdifferentiation of renal tubular epithelial cells from diabetic rats. Biomedical reports; 2014:490-494.
Duan Xiaoxing, Liying Zhang, Xue Pan, Dongying Shi. Effect of combined treatment with benazepril and spironolactone on diabetic nephropathy and serum levels of IL-6, CRP and TNF-α. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research February 2022; 21(2): 341-347.
Singh Janardhan, Salil Budhiraja, Harbans Lal, Brij Rani Arora. Renoprotection by Telmisartan versus Benazepril in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Nephropathy. Iranian Journal of Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2006;5:135-139.
Peter Jacobsen, Andersen, Steen, Jensen, Berit R., Parving, Hans-Henrik. Additive Effect of ACE Inhibition and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockade in Type I Diabetic Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 14(4):p 992-999, April 2003.
LF, Emanuele N, Zhang JH, et al. Combined angiotensin inhibition for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2013; 369:1892-1903.
Fernandez Juarez G, Luno J, Barrio V, et al. Effect of dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system on the progression of type 2 diabetic nephropathy: a randomized trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013;61:211-218.