Adaptation of English Borrowings in The Karakalpak Language

Modern linguistic phenomena in the Karakalpak language can be correlated with the rapid activation of borrowed vocabulary, this is determined primarily by those global fluctuations that occur in connection with the democratization of society, open to cooperation with other countries in various fields of activity, as well as the processes of information exchange. The article deals with the adaptation of borrowings, including anglicisms, in the Karakalpak language. Borrowings based on relations between the two peoples duly penetrated into the composition of the Karakalpak language. Based on the foregoing, we tried to systematize the most common terms used to nominate various types of groups of borrowed vocabulary.


Introduction
The processes of the emergence and development of foreign language vocabulary have repeatedly become the object of theoretical research by scientists, mainly the issues concerned the classification of borrowings-new formations.The chronology of borrowing, the degree of adaptation, quantitative and qualitative indicators and the functionality of usage determine the terms of the sphere of borrowing.
Turning to history, we can trace that a significant part of anglicisms entered the Russian language in the 1960s, in addition, anglicisms enriched the flavor of the language in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.Basically, scientific and technical, political, economic, and commonly used vocabulary was borrowed, which has no equivalent in the recipient's language: display, computer, jeans, etc. Anglicisms, which were later carried out with the Russian equivalent, also penetrated.For example: barter -exchange, hobby -passion.Some borrowings have penetrated into the Russian language by reducing descriptive names, i.e. when several words can be replaced by one anglicism: end of the week or non-working days -weekend.It should be noted that most of the anglicisms have joined the ranks of sports vocabulary: windsurfing, baseball, freestyle, boxing, football.In XX-XXI, political and computer terminology is rapidly developing in the Russian language: modem, Internet, browser, website, domain, etc.
At present, the process of introducing English terms into the Russian language continues its activities, language contacts between countries that have a communicative function predispose the introduction of new concepts into the media and into oral speech.For example: the word selfie can often be heard from different age groups in newspaper ads, on radio or TV.
In the Karakalpak vocabulary, a significant group of borrowed words is made up of Russian and international terms that have entered through the Russian language.Russian and Karakalpak nline at: le o b ila Ava -1151 -international relations include a long history.In those days, borrowings based on the relationship between the two peoples duly penetrated into the vocabulary of the Karakalpak language.New international terms related to social life began to enter and be used daily in the Karakalpak language.All of them arose under the influence of the Russian language on the Karakalpak literary language.
The influence of borrowings in the Karakalpak vocabulary can be divided into three periods: 1) before 1917; 2) after 1917; 3) after 1991; In 1873, the Russian Empire conquered the territory of the right bank of the Amu Darya.This prompted the foundation and development of capitalist relations in Central Asia at the same time on the territory of Karakalpakstan.The development of trade relations, the construction of roads, small factories, and farming began.Schools for the training of civil servants were opened for the wealthy segment of the population.Most of the classes in these schools were conducted in Russian.This was the beginning of the penetration of borrowings into the Karakalpak language.Words borrowed in this period include the words: уезд, завод, пароход, доктор.The gradual adaptation of these words has led them to all sorts of changes, for example: ояз, болыс, кеңсе.
In the 19th century, with the development of science and technology in Karakalpakstan, as well as the socio-economic and cultural life of the people, Russian and through Russian international terms began to penetrate into the media.Most of the international borrowings are European words that have penetrated through the Russian language.This is due to the fact that the Russian people have their own centuries-old history of international development.
Terms such as theater, cinema, progress, tram, thermometer, trolleybus entered the vocabulary of the Karakalpak language directly through the Russian language.This method of borrowing was very effective for that period of time.
Based on the foregoing, we tried to systematize the most common terms used to nominate various types of groups of borrowed vocabulary.As an illustrative material, contexts representing the language of modern advertising, placed on the pages of the newspaper "Erkin Karakalpagystan" in the announcement column, as well as mastered and introduced into dictionaries, anglicisms are used.
The main purpose of using these words is to identify the features of the anglicisms we discovered in three areas: a) word-formation methods for the Russian and Karakalpak languages, which are actively used in the course of adaptation; b) methods of borrowing typical for the Russian and Karakalpak languages -lexical calques, transcription, transliteration; c) the degree of rootedness of the discovered anglicisms; According to the material we analyzed, it can be seen that in most cases Anglicisms are adapted by affixing, characteristic of the borrowing language, for both borrowing languages in our case they were similar.In the course of the work, we have identified the following groups of words with morphological f-the presence of the suffix -ing eatures: митинг, виндсерфинг, фристайлинг, роуминг, лизинг; -the presence of the suffix -er -er: браузер, бульдозер, боксер, тренер, брокер, дилер; -the presence of the suffix -or: трактор, телевизор, инвестор, риелтор, вентилятор; -the presence of the suffix -ment: парламент, менеджмент; -the presence of the suffix -tion (ция): номинация, конференция, инвестиция, инфляция, ротация; The presence of the suffix -ist: методистметодист, трактористтракторшы, футболистфутболшы, программистпрограмист; In Russian, this suffix is used in words naming a profession.In the Karakalpak language, this suffix is replaced by an alternative to -шы -ши.
As E.V. Kuznetsova notes, the process of mastering foreign words "can be more or less lengthy, more or less complete.This may depend both on the external conditions (field of use, frequency) of the use

Adaptation of English Borrowings in The Karakalpak Language
Available online at: https://jazindia.com-1152 -of the word, and on how "foreign" the main parameters of the word are: its phonetic, morphological and semantic features" [8] It should be noted that in the modern world, anglicisms penetrate into a foreign language environment through the media, through the Internet, so the processes of their development and adaptation proceed faster than before.
It is very difficult to establish an analogy between the phonetic system of English, Russian and Karakalpak languages.Perhaps for this reason, the pronunciation and graphic rendering of Anglicisms at the initial stage of assimilation has its own variations.Timofeeva G.G. in his work he writes that "the problem of pronunciation of English borrowings can be considered from two angles: a) from the standpoint of the phonetic principle as one of the principles that underlie the method of transcription used in most cases to introduce anglicisms into the Russian text; b) from the standpoint of observing the orthoepic norms inherent in foreign words that are included in the Russian dictionary fund.[10] We traced these phenomena in the active Russian-Karakalpak dictionary of 2003 edition.The adaptation of anglicisms in Russian and the transfer of the nomination in the Karakalpak language has its own characteristics, whether on a phonetic or morphological level.If the Russian language uses the Cyrillic alphabet and it is this graphic appearance of the word and its phonetic design that becomes the first stage of adaptation, then some difficulties arise in the transmission of the Karakalpak language, since there is a dual use of both Latin and Cyrillic in it.With the transition to the Latin alphabet in 1991, the issue of republishing textbooks and teaching aids in the Latin alphabet arose.Most of the literature and media until 2018 was printed in Cyrillic, since the influence of the Russian language had a strong impact on the Karakalpak language, newspapers and books in Latin were not in demand, and publications were forced to print in Cyrillic.
Anglicisms are characterized by high phonemic variability.The consequence of the fact that the sound and letter ratios between English and Russian do not match.The transmission of anglicisms in Russian is based on two main methods: 1) the transmission of a graphic form, i.e. transliteration; 2) transmission of sound form i.e. transcription; At the phonemic level, we can trace the following variations of anglicisms: phoneme [ae] establishment [is'taebliSmәnt] -а -е-е the first corresponds to transliteration, the second reproduces the spelling rule, the third corresponds to transcription: -diphthong [ei] can be transmitted as [hey], [e], [she], where the first and second correspond to the transcription, and the third to the spelling rule.
phoneme [ә] variations during adaptation -e -e -final phoneme [ә] phoneme variant -е -о -options for using a single and double letter: -variants of continuous and separate spelling of anglicisms: Until recently, it was believed that the number of consonant phonemes in the Karakalpak language is 25 units.However, in recent years, A. Davletov, on the basis of experimental phonetic data, has completely proved that the sounds k, қ, g, ғ, previously considered four phonemes in the Karakalpak language, can perform the functions of two phonemes Қ and k are the hard and soft sound of one voiceless consonant sound, and g and ғ are the hard and soft sound of one voiced consonant sound.Since the sounds k and r go with soft vowel phonemes, and қ and ғ with hard phonemes: etc.Therefore, it is possible to prove, using the example of root and affix morphemes (especially affixes), that these four consonants can be used as two phonemes.Also, we see that the sounds k and g in some root morphemes are used with hard vowels, and the sounds қ and ғ with soft consonants.But that's just in writing.And in lively oral speech, қ and ғ go with hard vowels, and k and g with soft vowels.Here it is necessary to pay attention to the difference between language and speech.Thus, there are 23 consonant phonemes in the modern Karakalpak literary language.Of these, three consonants (v, c, h) are used only in words borrowed from the Russian language, and two consonants (f, x) are used in words borrowed from Arabic-Persian languages.As a result, 18 consonants remain, which are used in the root words of the Karakalpak language: b, p, m, z, w, g, ў, t, d, l, m, n, p, y, k / қ, g / ғ, n, x. "It should be noted that even among these sounds, the phonemic character of the reed fricative voiceless consonant -x is doubtful.In the intervocalic case, the tone of the phoneme of the hard voiceless consonant k/қ is constantly replaced by nline at: le o b ila Ava -1153 -the fricative consonant x.Thus, in the intervocalic case, the sounds қ and x serve as two different shades of the same phoneme [7].These characteristics of consonants make it possible to correctly determine the reasons for the replacement of sounds in some words.In a number of words borrowed from other languages, a voiced consonant is replaced by a deaf one, as well as consonants are dropped out.For example, the omission of the phoneme d in the words congress, entrance is explained by the fact that in the Karakalpak language the phoneme d is not used at the end of a word.

Conclusion
And the replacement of the consonant b at the end of the word club with a voiceless consonant p is due to the fact that in the Karakalpak language the consonant b is not used in the final position of the word.Therefore, the characteristics of the confluence of consonants and their use in word positions will become the basis for a deeper understanding of the replacement of sounds, which is a key object of study of morphonology.